Arthritis, Osteoporosis and Rickets

Arthritis, Osteoporosis and Rickets Discuss three diseases/disorders of the skeleton; including in the discussion causes, symptoms and treatment. The three diseases you need to discuss are Arthritis, Osteoporosis and Rickets. Patient 1 A sixty five year old women presents with a fractured rib after minor accident. History includes the patient is inactive with a poor diet. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a condition in which causes the bones to become weak, allowing them prone to breaking. This condition can develop over the years, however it is only treated when a minor fall or sudden impact on the bone to cause the bone to become fractured. Causes Osteoporosis occurs as bones become less dense and more fragile. Bone density, strength and thickness is on the increase until the ages of late 20s as youre your bone density will then begin to gradually decrease in your 30s. Women are more at risk of developing osteoporosis than men as the changes in hormone that appears in menopause directly affect the density of the bones. Oestrogen is an essential hormone for healthy bones and after menopause takes set, oestrogen levels fall. Due to the fast decrease of oestrogen, it can cause a rapid decrease in bone density. Women have a greater chance of developing osteoporosis if they are experiencing menopause before the age of forty five years old, or have undergone a hysterectomy before age of 45 and have had their ovaries removed, or have over exercised or dieted too much causing them to have absent periods. Osteoporosis also affect men, however the causes is not known. Due to men having the testosterone hormone, the numbers suffering from osteoporosis compared to women suffers are a lot less, as testosterone helps keep the bones healthy. As the level of testosterone decreases with age, the more likely it is for men to develop osteoporosis. The causes of low testosterone level is not evidently known, however the causes that are known includes the use of medications such as oral corticosteroid, alcohol abuse/misuse and hypogonadism. Hypogonadism is a condition which causes the testosterone level to be abnormally low The risk factors which are hormone related that can contribute to the onset of osteoporosis includes, a person to have overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), a disorders of the adrenal glands, lower levels of sex hormone or over active parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism) Other risk factors that contributes are family history, a BMI of 19 or less, long term high doses of oral corticosteroid, eating disorder or rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms The are no signs in the early stages of bone loss or weakening of bones. When osteoporosis have weaken your bones you may experience back pain caused by a fracture or collapsed vertebra, gradually loss of height, a bone fracture, or a stooped posture. Treatment The diagnosis of osteoporosis is determined by the results of the carriers bone mineral density scan. If treatment is required, it is based on the persons age, sex, risk of fracture and also the previous injury history. It is important to maintain a sufficient level of calcium and vitamin D if no treatment is wanted or needed. Patient 2 A three year old child with a fracture to the femur. Other symptoms indicate deformed legs (bowed) and shorter than average for age. History confirms the child was breastfed with no supplements. Rickets Rickets causes the bones in children to become soft and weak, leading to bone deformities. Causes The under laying   causes of rickets stems from lack of vitamin D or calcium, however rickets can also be caused through genetic defects or another health condition. Vitamin D and calcium are both vital sources in a child development in strong and healthy bones. Sources of Vitamin D is sunlight, as the skin produces vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight.Food, as vitamin D can be found in oily fish, eggs and certain breakfast cereals and also dietary supplements Calcium can be found in dairy products such as eggs, cheese, milk, yogurt and also green vegetables. Children that are at risk are those of Asian, Caribbean, African and middle eastern origins, as their skin is darker and requires more sunlight to receive sufficient vitamin D. Also babies born prematurely are at risk of developing rickets as they have build up stores of vitamin D in the womb. Babies from birth to 1 year, exclusively or partially breastfed, should be given a daily supplement containing 8.5 to 10mcg of vitamin D to ensure the get enough, as babies that are breastfed past the age of 6 months may be at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Symptoms A child may experience pain and soreness affecting the bone. They may also experience skeletal deformities which could cause thickening of the ankles, wrist, knees and cause a bowed leg. The child may also experience delayed growth and development as they could be shorter than the average child their age. A problem with dental may arise as the tooth enamel is weakened causing delays in teeth growth and risk of tooth decays. Their bones will be more prone to fractures as the have come to be fragile. Treatment As the rickets are caused by low level of vitamin D and calcium, it is treated by increasing the childs intake of vitamin D and calcium. This can be increased by eating more food rich in these sources or taking daily supplements of calcium and vitamin D. Patient 3 A fifty year old man presents with trouble walking due to a painful knee joint. Other symptoms include swelling, redness and warmth to the knee. Patient also has a history of painful joints and has a body mass index of 32. Arthritis Arthritis is a condition which causes the joint to become painful and inflamed. Inbetween joints, there is a flexible connective tissue called cartilage. Cartilage protects the joint by absorbing the pressure and shock created when you move and release stress on them. When the cartilage tissue this can cause some forms of arthritis. There are 2 most common forms of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Causes Osteoarthritis, is caused by normal wear and tear. A injury or infection to the joints can cause the natural breakdown of the cartilage tissue. If you have a family history of Osteoarthritis, there maybe a higher chance of having osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by an autoimmune disorder. This happens when the bodys immune system attacks the tissues of the body. The synovium is attacked by the immune system. The synovium is the soft tissue in your joints that produces a fluid that nourishes that cartilage and lubricates the joints. Rheumatoid can potentially destroy the bone and the joint. Symptoms of osteoarthritis The symptoms of osteoarthritis may lead a person to experience joint pains, as well as stiffness, swelling, reduced motion and redness of skin around the joint. Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are tiredness, loss of appetite, slight fever. Sufferers may potentially become anemic. A person with severe rheumatoid arthritis may experience joint deformities if it is left untreated. Treatment There is no cure for arthritis, however there are treatments that can slow down the condition. Osteoarthritis, prescribed medication Painkillers Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs Corticosteroids For severe cases, surgical procedures maybe recommended: Joint replacement Joint fuse Where bone is cut and re-alignment Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis includes: Painkillers (analgesics) Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) Physiotherapy Regular exercise References Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.arthritis.org/types-what-is-rheumatoid-arthritis.php [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Nhs.uk. (2017). Search results. [online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Search/?q=osteoporosis [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Nhs.uk. (2017). Search results. [online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Search/?q=rickets [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Mayo Clinic. (2017). Overview Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/home/ovc-20197388 [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017].

Inflation and Unemployment

Macroeconomics help Name: Institution: Inflation is the rise in general prices of goods and services over a specific period of time. Unemployment is a state where people are able and willing to work at the ongoing market prices of labor but they are unable to secure a Job. According to the Phillips curve, there is a consistent relationship between inflation and unemployment (Nevi, J. W. 1981, peg 3). When the rate of unemployment is low, the level of inflation is high and when the level of employment is high, inflation level is low.Since majority of the Americans regard inflation to be a bigger threat than unemployment, they will ether stay unemployed but to let the value of a dollar stabilize. Therefore they will rather be employed during stable prices than rising prices. The Americans favor unemployment to inflation. When 10% of the workers are laid off, it will imply that unemployment will increase and an Increase in unemployment Implies a decrease In inflation. If the wages are r educed by 5%, it will mean that even more worker can be employed due to the reduction of labor cost.This will lead to an Increase In employment thus the level of unemployment will go down. A decrease In unemployment leads to an increase In level of inflation. Therefore they will rather go for 10% of workers being laid off than a 5% cut In their wages. They will vote for 10% workers being laid off. Their knowledge of who will be laid off won't affect their decision in voting because they are all against Inflation. They will rather not work than work for a wage with low purchasing power. Therefore they are after their purchasing power than Just a Job.Fiscal policy Is an attempt to manipulate government expenditure and taxation so as to affect aggregate demand and aggregate supply to achieve full employment and price stability. Monetary policy Is a policy that affects money growth (Landing, F. K. 2009, peg 34). Therefore when the government uses monetary policy, the money supply will I ncrease. The government will cut taxes to treat the deficit. When the Fed will prevent growth In reserves, It Implies that the borrowing will be constant thus no preventions on borrowing from commercial banks.This will result to an Increase In money supply as the government too Is borrowing. According to the ELM curve, when the two polices are used, at the point where the Interest rate Is low, monetary policy has no power. When fiscal policy Is used, Increase In supply of money has no effect on the Interest rate. Therefore when the IS-ELM equilibrium Is low, fiscal policy Is the suitable policy to use. When the Fed Increase the supply of alienable funds through and expansion of commercial banks, the supply of money will Increase at the same ongoing Interest rate.The Fed will not succeed to prevent the Interest rates from rising. Interest rate Is assumed to be flexible according to the classical economists. This Implies that the Interest rate will rise In order to attain the previous equilibrium. Therefore a lower Interest rate trap as advocated by the Keynesian economist is where inflation will be set. When he economic resources are idle, the output is always low. The reason the government will borrow will be to stimulate the economy. Inflation and Unemployment INTRODUCTIONInflation seems to be a chronic problem in many parts of the world today and unemployment, a phenomenon, true for Pakistan, and valid for United States and other western economies. Even the fastest growing Chinese economy is not totally immune to it. Thus this research project deals with the analysis of unemployment and inflation in Pakistan. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship that exists between these two macroeconomic variables, which affect every nation as well as an individual.The Phillips curve shows a historical inverse relation between the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation in an economy. It is the trade-off between inflation and unemployment (Mankiw, 2002). The lower the unemployment in an economy, the higher the rate of change in wages paid to labor in that economy.LITERATURE REVIEWThe relationship between unemployment and inflation the two macroeconomic variables is usually summarized by the Phillips curve. Different studies have been conducted related to these variables in order to see whether any relationship between these two macroeconomic variables exists or not. While analyzing the trade-off between inflation and unemployment in Asia, (Dua 1996), takes inflation as the function of expected inflation, unemployment gap/ output gap, exchange rate, import inflation and oil price inflation. In India and Philippines the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment does not exist, whereas, in Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong it does. (Rafael, MacCulloch, & Oswald 2000), on the other hand, suggest that welfare  and life satisfaction level is a function of inflation and unemployment and people are happier when rates of both are low.However unemployment in comparison with inflation depresses people more than inflation. Thus while controlling country fixed-effects, year effects, and time trends, it is estimated that people will trade 1% increase in unemployment for 1.7% increase in inflation. A strong positive relation between unemployment rate and inflation rate lagged one or two years is also shown, which is inconsistent with both Philips curve and NAIRU. In other words the trade-off between inflation and unemployment rate does not exist, except in the same year, and in the long run unemployment is a positive function with inflation (Niskanen 2002). Namibia, using the time series data from 1991-2005, exhibits the presence of stagflation in its economy.In other words he found increase in both inflation and unemployment at the same time, which contradicts the traditional short-run Philips curve (Ogbokor 2005). (Furuoka 2007) using the data of Malaysia from 1975-2004 shows and existence of co-integrated as well as casual relationship between inflation and unemployment. That is the study provides an empirical evidence to support the Philips curve.Likewise, Philips curve also exists in Japan, with negative coefficients of linear link between inflation and unemployment. Also there is a generalized linear and lagged relationship between labor force, unemployment and inflation in Japan, which is confirmed by the fact that the driving force behind unemployment and inflation is the change rate of labor force level (Kitov 2007). In this paper, a Philips curve with linear link will be calculated for Pakistan to see if the negative relationship between the variables exists or not.Problem Statement: What is the likely relationship between inflation and unemployment in Pakistan? Hypothesis: If unemployment increases, then inflation decreases.Data Source: Secondary data for the purpose of this research has been obtained from the year 2000-2011. The data on unemployment rate (percentage of total labor force) and inflation rate (general not adjusted for food and energy) for Pakistan, has been taken from the Economic Survey of Pakistan.ObjectiveThe objective of this research is to determine the relationship between inflation and unemployment for the economy of Pakistan. Phi lips curve is based on the equation where unemployment is the function of inflation.METHODOLOGYHere, a regression is run for inflation rate and unemployment rate for Pakistan. The functional form of the model which is as follows: Y = ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¿ + ÃŽ ²1X1 + ЄSubstituting the above inflation function in the equation INFt = ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¿ + ÃŽ ²1Ut + Єt Where U is the unemployment rate and INF is inflation rate for a given time â€Å"t†. The Equation obtained after running the OLS model is: INFt = 30.96981 – 3.306067 UtDependent Variable: INFMethod: Least SquaresDate: 08/01/13 Time: 21:49Sample: 1 12Included observations: 12Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.C 30.96981 6.078158 5.095263 0.0005 U -3.306067 0.882942 -3.744377 0.0038R-squared 0.583686 Mean dependent var 8.549167 Adjusted R-squared 0.542055 S.D. dependent var 5.344512 S.E. of regression 3.616718 Akaike info criterion 5.560023 Sum squared resid 130.8065 Schwarz criterion 5.640841 Log likelihood - 31.36014 Hannan-Quinn criter. 5.530101 F-statistic 14.02036 Durbin-Watson stat 2.038825 Prob(F-statistic) 0.003819While interpreting the regression line, the negative sign with the coefficient of unemployment shows that in Pakistan Inflation and unemployment are inversely related at â€Å"t† period. One percent increase in unemployment in one year will bring a decrease in inflation of 3.306067 percent. Unemployment in this simple regression model is statistically significant as the probability of t-stats is less than 0.05 and so we reject H0. The intercepted value 30.96981 of B0 shows the inflation rate when unemployment is zero. The R2 for this model, which lies between 0 and 1, comes out to be 0.583686 which shows that 58.36 percent of the variation in inflation is explained by unemployment.The adjusted R2 statistics comes out to be 0.542055. The Durbin-Watson d statistics test, which is done for autocorrelation, is 2.038825 for Pakistan, showing that there is no auto or se rial correlation. As this is simple regression model multicollinearity is not present. As the probability of F-stat is less than 0.05 we will reject H0 which means that the model is overall statistically significant. The Scatter Plot for Inflation and Unemployment somehow depicts the same relationship as above.CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONThis study is conducted in order to make an analysis of inflation and unemployment in Pakistan from year 2000-2010. It has employed a simple regression analysis technique. The main conclusion derived from this study is that the tradeoff between these two variables, the Philips Curve, is observed in Pakistan. When unemployment is high, the cost of goods will increase during an inflationary period, but firms will be able to hire cheap labor, as labor will be in surplus.Wages will not rise while unemployment remains high. Workers will have to borrow money or reduce the amount of goods they purchase. If workers cannot get loans, firms will have to lower prices to continue to sell products, thus reducing inflation. This study makes the following recommendation in the light of its analysis. Easy fiscal policy can be used to decrease unemployment at the expense of inflation, as mild inflation is desirable in every economy. However in Pakistan the inflation rate is much higher than the unemployment rate. Thus Pakistan has to focus more on policies which lead to reduction in inflation but the  Government should also control unemployment at the same time.

Is Alum Safe Uses and Health Concerns

Alum is an ingredient in some foods and quite a few non-edible products. If youre careful about reading labels, you may wonder what alum is and whether its really safe. The answer is yes, usually, but in small amounts. Alum Safety Depends on Multiple Factors Any form of aluminum sulfate could be called alum, including toxic versions of the chemical. However, the type of alum you find used for pickling and in deodorant is potassium alum, KAl(SO4)2 ·12H2O. Sodium aluminum sulfate is a type of alum that is used in commercial baking powder. Potassium alum has been used in maraschino cherries and pickles. The aluminum helps make the cell walls of fruits and vegetables sturdier, producing a crisp pickle or firm cherry. Although alum is approved as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, it is toxic in large doses. The current trend is to reduce reliance on chemicals to improve food texture. Alum may be used to soak some pickles, but it is no longer used in the final pickling solution. Alum in deodorant may be absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream. Although it is deemed safe enough for this purpose by the Food and Drug Administration, there may be negative health consequences from continued exposure to the aluminum ions in the alum. Because some of the product is absorbed into the skin, one way to cut your exposure to the product is to apply it every other day, rather than every day. Alum is the key ingredient used in styptic powder and pencils. The small amount absorbed into the bloodstream from occasional use shouldnt cause health problems. Women are advised against using alum to tighten the vaginal wall. While the astringent property of the mineral may temporarily tighten tissue, use of the mineral in this manner may result in scarring, increased susceptibility to infection, and absorption of toxic chemicals. Alum Health Concerns All forms of alum can cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes. Breathing alum can cause lung damage. Aluminum also may attack lung tissue. Because its a salt, eating massive amounts of alum can make you sick. Usually ingesting alum will make you vomit, but if you could keep it down, the alum could upset the ionic equilibrium in your bloodstream, just like overdosing on any other electrolyte. However, the primary concern with alum is long-term exposure to low levels of the chemical. Aluminum, from your diet or healthcare product, can cause degeneration of nervous system tissue. It is possible that exposure to aluminum could lead to an increased risk of certain cancers, brain plaques, or Alzheimers Disease. Alum from natural sources may contain impurities, including toxic metals such as chromium. Because the chemical composition of natural alum is variable, its best to avoid its use when there is a chance of ingesting the mineral or getting it into the bloodstream. Alum Material Data Safety Sheets If you are concerned about the specific risks associated with alum, its best to consult a Material Data Safety Sheet. You can search for these online and find them by specific type of alum, like potassium alum. Sources Abreo, V. The Dangers of Aluminum Toxicity. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009.The Alzheimers Society.  Aluminium, Metals, and Dementia. September 2012.

The Ownership of the Hidden Safe and Rights and Liabilities of Parties Free Essay Example, 4500 words

In English law a title to a piece of tangible property, whether goods or land, may be less than perfect. Our law respects possession so that a person who acquires possession acquires a title which may be defended against all but a person who can prove a better title (i. a prior and continuing right to possession). This is elementary law and based on substantial authority, 8 but its continuing force and validity are illustrated by the modern case of Parker v. British Airways Board. 9 The plaintiff, Parker, found a gold bracelet on the floor of the executive lounge at Heathrow Airport, which was operated by the defendant Board. Parker was lawfully present in that lounge. He handed the bracelet to an employee of the Board and asked that it be returned to him if the true owner was not found. Instead, the Board sold the bracelet for 850. In these proceedings, Parker claimed that, by finding the bracelet, he had acquired a title to it which was superior to the Boards; by selling the brac elet the Board had therefore committed the tort of conversion against Parker and the Board was, therefore, liable to compensate him in damages amounting to 850 plus interest. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ownership of the Hidden Safe and Rights and Liabilities of Parties or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page