Security Guards And Armed Guards - 1535 Words

Decades ago, many states did not have any hiring, screening, or training mandates for sworn police officers. Today, nearly every state has some sort of police officer, armed guard or security officer academy training and hiring regulations. There are almost twice as many security personnel in the United States than there are police officers, so why are there not widely accepted training standards for these personnel? This paper will attempt to explain the differences between Security Guards and Armed Guards and their screening and hiring regulations. To put this in perspective, The Division of Criminal Justice Services, Office of Public Safety provides administrative oversight for mandated security training. The New York State†¦show more content†¦There is a number of government agencies involved in the regulation of this State Code. Just as such, there are quite a few variations of security guards in different areas of expertise. In New York State, Security Guards are private citizens. According to the NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services Website, [http://www.nyc.gov ] Interested parties must first complete a required 8-Hour Pre-Assignment Training Course. Upon completing this course, they will apply to the Department of State for a Security Guard Registration Card. Upon receiving the card, they are able to seek employment as a security guard. Once they establish employment, they are required to attend a 16-Hour On-the-Job Training Course within 90 days of initial employment. Every year thereafter, security guards must complete an 8 Hour Annual In-service Training Course. Private security Guards perform their functions according to the policies of their employers. The company who hires a Security Guard outlines the tasks of the security Guard. As we know every company culture is diverse, therefore, it is the responsibility of the security Guards to educate themselves about the policies that are established by the company. Through continuous training, Guards develop the skills necessary to interact and address the different incidents that will happen during their time in a particular property. In addition to the required training courses

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Six Free Essays

string(50) " the better to nuzzle his partner’s breast\." I slept a bit, coming wide awake several hours later, with one thought. The talisman was still at the junkyard. Throwing on Jessie’s clothes, I cursed as I remembered I’d split my tennis shoes the last time I’d changed. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Six or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Dumb, dumb, dumb.† At least the lack of them made it easier to sneak out. I could have woken Nic, taken him along, but why? He couldn’t help if I ran into ghost wolves, and in truth, I didn’t want to see him right now. Just sex? Sure. But what were we going to do about the embarrassment that came from sharing bodies and not hearts? He’d said when we were done in Fairhaven, we’d be done. Nic might not have a problem with that, but I would. He was my first, and even if I didn’t love him, such a thing would be hard for me to forget. I hurried through the chilly darkness in bare feet. No one was out this early, or was it late? Lucky for me, because when I reached the junkyard I found something strange. My stuff was gone – clothes, shoes, or what was left of them, and the talisman, too. I’d have thought the watchman cleaned up a bit, but – I glanced around at the tangle of metal. Really, why? I continued to search in larger and larger circles until I reached the damp earth at the edge of the grass. There I found a footprint. Make that a paw print. Too big to be a dog – hell, too big to be a coyote; too real to be that of a ghost wolf, unless they could become unghostly, too. And wouldn’t that be special? My neck prickled as a howl rose toward the sky. The first I’d heard in Fairhaven, the call tempted me. Wolves howl for many reasons: to assemble the pack, warn of danger, locate one another, communicate. Each animal has his own pitch, and a pack can harmonize, making it seem as if there are twenty wolves, when there are only three or four. What sounded like a lot from a distance could be a lot, or only a few. But this was one, and that in itself was strange, considering the pack nature of both species. Which of the two was calling me now, I couldn’t say. I’d only be able to tell if I saw the beast up close. A breeze swirled in from the west, lifting my hair, fluttering the ends; my skin seemed to buzz. Embrace what you are. I was getting a little tired of the wind being so chatty, however, I had no problem doing what it said. Lifting my face, I barely thought of the moon before I changed. My clothes tore and fell away; the night came at me like a lover, surrounding me, caressing me, making me his. Strong, free, in command, the change now brought power with none of the pain. If Edward or Jessie were here, we’d have trouble. They wouldn’t trust me. They’d want to kill me, or at least lock me up until they knew what was happening, and I hadn’t even told anyone about the voice yet. The breeze brought not only a message, but the trace of another like me. Maybe just a witchie wolf or two, I couldn’t tell, but I followed the scent into the forest. Squirrels skittered out of my way and up the trees. Small furry things ran into the bushes with a screech. Because I was wolf first in this form, I became distracted by their movement, their smell, and I lost the trail. Retracing my path, I lifted my nose and sniffed. Nothing. Growling, I pawed the earth just as a crow swooped low, nearly clipping my ears with its wings. Wolves have been tracking crows for so long the behavior is ingrained in our DNA. One glance at the bird’s flight pattern, and I adjusted my direction. A few hundred yards away, I stumbled on a ravine encircled by brambles. From deep within came a moan. Was someone hurt? Bitten? Dying? Bracing myself against the inevitable scrape of the thorns, I put my belly to the ground and crawled closer. The earth tilted downward. I continued to inch along, stopping at the edge of a culvert. I heard voices along with the moans. The latter had taken on a distinct tinge of pleasure, not pain. I knew what I was going to see even before I stuck my muzzle over the edge. Bodies entwined on a soft bed of moss; the moon flowed through the branches speckling the man’s skin with silver. His buttocks tightened and released in an age-old rhythm as he pumped himself into the body of the woman beneath him. Her long, tanned legs wrapped around his back, tugging him closer. Fingernails digging into his shoulders, she urged him to greater speed. When she left red welts on his skin, he emitted a rumble that was half growl, half purr. The sound pulled at my belly, made my skin tingle and my fur stand on end. I’d never watched anyone have sex before – except in a movie. I shouldn’t be watching now. Carefully I inched away, but my claws freed a waterfall of stones and dirt down the side of the crevice. The man and the woman froze. I ducked my head against my paws, flattened my ears and tried to get small. Caw! Caw, caw! I didn’t dare lift my head, but the flutter of wings told me I’d been saved by the crows, even before the man murmured, â€Å"Just a bird, baby. Don’t get distracted.† I knew that voice. If I hadn’t been so interested in the mechanics of the act, I’d have recognized his hair. As it was, when I peeked again, the man had turned his face to the side, the better to nuzzle his partner’s breast. You read "Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Six" in category "Essay examples" The scar that bisected his cheek was a dead giveaway. No wonder the deputy hadn’t returned to Fairhaven. Basil Moore was otherwise occupied. I craned my neck higher as the rhythmic thud of flesh on flesh and the accompanying moans recommenced. The woman now had her ankles crossed behind Basil’s neck. I tilted my head. She must take yoga. Basil lowered his face to her breast again, tongue flicking one nipple, before he took it in his teeth and tugged. The woman arched, cried out, and he stiffened, yanking her body against his and slamming into her one last time. I shuffled backward, uncaring if they heard me now. I doubted they’d give chase. Even if they did, I could definitely outrun them. Besides, I’d seen too much. Not only Basil, naked, but his partner, too. Lydia Kopway. The crows flew off. I was on my own as I attempted to pick up the stray werewolf scent again, even as my mind mulled over what I’d observed. Why had Lydia and Basil been doing it in the woods when they had a perfectly good house for such things? Why did their liaison bother me? They were young, attractive, single, as far as I knew. Maybe they had an outdoor-sex fetish – there were worse things. Nose to the sky, I gave a snort of annoyance. The scent I’d tracked was gone. Frustrated, I headed for the cabin. Taking the long way, I skirted the woods, hugging the shadows. What was it about the deputy and Lydia that kept nagging at me? Merely embarrassment at observing a private moment, even when that moment had been performed in public? Or something else? On the back porch I had no choice but to change, unless I wanted to scratch at the door and wait for Nic to let me in. Not. I imagined myself a woman, and I was. Turning the doorknob, I slipped into the cabin, then into the bathroom, just as it hit me. According to both Will and my own observations, Basil didn’t like Indians. But if that was true, why was he screwing one? A puzzle: maybe nothing more than a bigot who made himself feel superior by sleeping with those he considered inferior. However, I didn’t think Lydia was the type of woman to give someone who looked down on her a minute of her time. She definitely wouldn’t allow him free use of her body. Of course, I hardly knew her, or him. I could be wrong about them both. Footsteps sounded in the hall. I wrapped a towel around me just as Nic appeared in the doorway. â€Å"Where have you been?† he asked. My feet were grubby, my fingernails, too. I’m sure there were leaves in my hair and quickly healing bramble scratches all over my body. Did I really have to answer that question? I tilted my head and saw comprehension dawn in his eyes. â€Å"Oh. Why?† I filled him in on my excursion, the loss of the talisman, the werewolf scent that came and went, and the free porn in the forest. â€Å"You watched?† â€Å"I was stuck.† â€Å"I bet.† He inched closer and pulled a leaf from my hair. â€Å"Did you like it?† My gaze lifted to his. â€Å"Not exactly.† â€Å"Liar,† he whispered, and kissed me. My skin still buzzing from the change, my body aroused from the power and the real-life adult video in the woods, I let him. Hell, I let him do a lot more than kiss me. What had happened to â€Å"never again†? The vow flew out the window the instant Nic touched me. My back against the wall, my legs around his waist, his body again buried deep in mine, I came screaming. I wasn’t going to be able to give him up. I was addicted. This time, instead of leaving me alone without a word or a even a kiss, Nic brushed my brow with his lips and turned on the shower. â€Å"Who do you think has the talisman?† he asked. â€Å"No idea. The junkman could have thrown my clothes into the incinerator.† He glanced over his shoulder. â€Å"But you don’t think so?† â€Å"It’s a junkyard. Why clean up?† â€Å"True.† â€Å"I don’t like not knowing where the icon is,† I said, â€Å"but I don’t need it anymore, and, according to Will, the thing shouldn’t work for anyone but me.† â€Å"He’s sure about that?† â€Å"As sure as you can be with magic.† Nic nodded, as if he discussed magic every day. He was fitting amazingly well into my world, which should be disturbing but wasn’t. â€Å"We need to talk to the ME,† he continued. â€Å"And Basil, if we can find him.† â€Å"I don’t know if I can look the man in the face.† â€Å"You’re gonna have to.† He offered me first dibs on the shower with a lift of his brow. I shook my head, as I wrapped the towel around my body. Despite the steamy heat filling the room, I was chilled. Losing my fur always had that effect. â€Å"You think you smelled ghost wolves?† he asked. â€Å"Maybe. Probably. I don’t know.† â€Å"I left a message for Lydia asking if she had a book on witchie wolves.† â€Å"Isn’t it awful early to be calling people?† â€Å"I woke up and you were gone.† He went silent for a minute and I frowned, wondering if he’d thought I’d left. If he’d cared. Had that been what the sex, the kiss, the gentleness had been about? He didn’t want me to leave any more than I wanted him to? At least not yet. I couldn’t ask, couldn’t take the risk that he’d laugh and walk away. I still needed him. Not only for the sex but for the job. I wasn’t up to solving this case by myself. â€Å"I wanted something to do,† he continued. â€Å"So I called Lydia. But she wasn’t there.† â€Å"Obviously.† Nic shut off the shower and whipped open the curtain. Any other words that might have come to my lips died at the sight of his body streaming with water. His muscles appeared bigger, polished and smooth, the curls that covered his chest, his legs, his genitals, had darkened. With his hair slicked away from his face, he seemed younger, again the boy I remembered, the one I’d lusted after so completely. I wanted him all over again. Hell, I wanted him all over me. Nic grabbed a towel, started rubbing himself down, which only excited me more. Turning away, I grabbed my toothbrush, then forgot what I was supposed to do with it. â€Å"We need to get moving.† Nic handed me the toothpaste. â€Å"Sun’s up. Day’s a-wasting.† I nodded and climbed into the shower, taking the toothbrush with me. The air of domesticity – sharing a bathroom, a shower, the toothpaste – was both disturbing and comforting. Which would I miss more, the sharing of our bodies or the sharing of everything else? That I couldn’t decide was more upsetting than the decision itself. Half an hour later, Nic and I strolled along Midtown Road. We checked the sheriff’s office – no Basil, no kidding – then headed for the clinic. The door wasn’t locked. Nic walked in first. Practically on his heels, I smelled it right away. Fresh blood. I shoved Nic to the ground, nearly ran over his back. â€Å"What the hell, Elise?† â€Å"Stay down,† I shouted, and the rear door slammed open as someone ran out. I followed, taking note of a dead Dr. Watchry as I went past. One step outside and a brick landed on my head. Or at least that was what it felt like. I fell to my knees, then onto my face. By the time I glanced up, the assailant was gone and Nic was there. â€Å"Person or werewolf?† he asked. â€Å"Daytime.† â€Å"Which only means a person at the moment.† He was catching on. To discern a werewolf in human form I had to touch them, and they hadn’t waited around long enough for me to get a good grip. I wasn’t thinking clearly. I blamed the brick in the head. Nic helped me sit up, touched the knot on the back of my head, mumbling, â€Å"Sorry,† when I winced. â€Å"Man? Woman?† Nic lifted me to my feet, and I wobbled. â€Å"No clue.† I put my fingers to the throbbing ache, and they came away wet with blood. â€Å"We should probably get that stitched,† he said. â€Å"By who? The damn doctor’s dead.† Which really pissed me off. I liked Dr. Watchry. He’d called me â€Å"sweet child.† â€Å"Unless he hit me with a silver brick, I’ll heal fine on my own.† Nic picked up a fist-sized rock lying near the building and shrugged. â€Å"You’re safe.† â€Å"Swell.† â€Å"Come inside,† he murmured. â€Å"We shouldn’t be out in the open right now.† â€Å"If he wanted me dead, he’d have shot me with silver.† Which meant this assailant and the one in Montana were not the same. Yippee. â€Å"He?† Nic asked. â€Å"I thought you didn’t see anyone.† â€Å"He, she, it. Whatever. Let’s get inside.† â€Å"Try to be nice to someone and they bite your head off,† he muttered. â€Å"Watch it or I will.† Nic actually laughed. Was he getting used to what I was? How could he, when I wasn’t? He tugged me into the clinic, slammed then locked the door. I collapsed on a stool next to the work station. â€Å"You okay?† Nic asked. â€Å"I’m going to take a look at him.† I nodded, then regretted the movement as agony sliced through my brain. Nic knelt next to the doctor, checked his pulse, then sighed. â€Å"How did he die?† I wondered. â€Å"Skull bashed in. Assailant probably had the same thought for you, except your head’s too hard.† â€Å"Ha-ha. Is there a bite mark?† Nic stood and found a pair of gloves. Snapping them into place, he proceeded to search. My eyes were caught by the microscope nearby. The doctor appeared to have been using it recently – perhaps when he died – since there was a slide on the stage. I inched closer and read his notes. â€Å"There was a bite mark on the doctor’s receptionist, too.† I leaned closer and read a notation to the side. â€Å"Body stolen, like the sheriff’s.† Nic grunted as he continued to check the doctor for evidence. â€Å"According to Dr. Watchry the same set of teeth was used for both bites.† â€Å"We kind of figured that,† he said. According to the notes, the slide held a saliva sample from the bite mark on Sheriff Stephenson. Curious, I peered through the lens. At first I merely stared, then I lifted my head, blinked, rubbed my eyes and tried again. The specimen on the slide remained the same. â€Å"Nic,† I murmured. â€Å"Give me a minute. He’s dead weight.† â€Å"Nic!† He heard the urgency and stopped what he was doing to join me. â€Å"What is it?† â€Å"The slide.† I pointed at the microscope, but I couldn’t force the words from my mouth. He squinted into the lens, then shrugged. â€Å"Means nothing to me.† â€Å"This is saliva from Stephenson’s bite. I’ve seen it before.† Nic’s gaze sharpened. â€Å"You know who the sample belongs to?† â€Å"No. But – â€Å" â€Å"Where did you see it?† â€Å"In my lab.† â€Å"The bite mark is human. How can that be werewolf saliva?† â€Å"It isn’t.† â€Å"Explain. Slowly. For those of us without the doctorate.† â€Å"When a person is bitten their chemistry changes. Even when they’re human, they’re different.† Nic stared at me, and I could see from the tightening of his mouth that he knew what I was going to say before I said it. â€Å"The sample on that slide is from a werewolf in human form.† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Six, Essay examples

BaseBall Essay Research Paper I never did free essay sample

BaseBall Essay, Research Paper I neer did like the gustatory sensation of soil, but I had a mouthful of it from plunging caput foremost into 2nd after thwacking a line thrust down the right field line. Perspiration was dribbling down my face and biting my eyes as I wearily got up and wiped the dust off of my uniform. It was the top of the last frame and we were up 9-8. We had to win this game to complete above.500. I looked down at the 3rd base manager, which seemed like a stat mi, and he gave me the signal to run on this pitch, but I saw the backstop was maintaining his oculus on me, like a marauder runing it # 8217 ; s quarry. I didn # 8217 ; t run and my manager looked at me as if to state: # 8220 ; why didn # 8217 ; t you run? # 8221 ; On the following pitch he gave me the signal to remain, but I knew I could catch the catcher off guard, so I ran. We will write a custom essay sample on BaseBall Essay Research Paper I never did or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The backstop threw a slug to third and it was a perfect throw, with the ball acquiring at that place merely before my pes. # 8220 ; What are you making? # 8221 ; screamed my manager. I merely got up, discouraged and tired, and ran to the bench, got my baseball mitt and took my Po ition in left field. Everybody dreaded playing left field at this field, because you # 8217 ; re gazing directly into the oculus of the eventide Sun, but I was ever put at that place because I was the best outfielder. The bases were loaded like a gun waiting to travel off and there were two outs. On the first pitch the hitter lofted the ball into left field towards me, but of class the Sun blinded me, doing me to lose path of it. I truly despised the Sun at that minute. When I saw the ball once more, it was traveling to travel over my caput, but I started back-pedalling and so I leaped into the air, but the ball bounced straight up into the air off of the top of my baseball mitt. I landed on my dorsum and when I opened my eyes, the ball was headed straight for my face, like a meteor hurtling towards Earth. I instinctively put my baseball mitt over my face to screen it from the ball and the following thing I knew, the ball was resting safely in my baseball mitt. I was enraptured. I couldn # 8217 ; t bel ieve I had merely won the game and made up for my baserunning blooper.

Political Change Between 1815 and 1840 Essay Example

Political Change Between 1815 and 1840 Paper The political participation of voters, campaigners, and elections in general changed drastically between the periods of 1815 and 1840, events such as the aftermath of the war of 1812, the age of reform, and political campaign styles were incredibly important in the changes of political participation. The aftermath of the war of 1812 was an explosion of nationalistic feelings. Many believed that it was a second war for independence, even though the war was mainly a stalemate. The election of James Monroe to the presidency in 1816 was often called the Era of Good Feelings. The new sense of pride destroyed old political barriers by lessoning voter requirements. This united Americans behind the common goal of improving the nation. The nation was so unified that Monroe ran uncontested for a second term in 1820. The reform movement consisted of the Second great Awakening, a religious reform movement, women’s rights, the abolition of slavery, temperance and many others. Conventions made by women, such as the Seneca Falls convention would encourage women to step out of the domestic sphere of their house and dive into the world of politics, getting themselves more involved in the world beyond their homes and children. The second great awakening transformed many into god-fearing peoples and set certain beliefs toward temperance and slavery. People effects by these beliefs would vote for candidates that followed them, therefore playing upon the fact that more candidates should address important issues instead of using personality to get elected. However, personality is what many campaigns played upon in this era. Jackson for instance, was dubbed â€Å"old hickory† and had a large following simple because he was considered an average person, a representative for the common folk instead of another high-standing politician who was in office solely for the money and power. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Change Between 1815 and 1840 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Political Change Between 1815 and 1840 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Political Change Between 1815 and 1840 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another candidate to run against Jackson played the same â€Å"common man† card, William Henry Harrison, who boosted that he was the â€Å"log cabin and hard cider candidate† this appealed to the more average folk in the same way Jackson had before him, this also allowed him to avoid important issues such as slavery and women’s rights. Many important factors decided the fate of political participation of the citizens of the United States. The nationalistic spark after the war of 1812 opened new doors to many by lessoning the restrictions against voters. The reform movement gave people issues to look for a solution to in politicians and candidates. Lastly, the campaigns themselves made a drastic change, depending mostly on the personality of the candidate instead of their views on the current events of the time.

Spanish Conquest essays

Spanish Conquest essays On November 8, 1519 Hernan Cortez landed in the great city of Mexico accompanied by six hundred Spaniards and a great amount of native allies. Cortezs arrival in Mexico City was welcomed by the friendly Aztec people, who mistakenly believed that Cortez was one of their gods, Quetzalcoatl, who was characterized by light skin, red hair, and light eyes. They were willing to share all their wealth and happiness with the Spaniards, but the Spaniards wanted more than what the Aztecs were willing to share, they wanted to rule their beautiful land. As Cortez and his men became more familiar with the land the realized that the Aztecs were less amendable than they thought. Hernan Cortez became determined to conquer the whole kingdom. The Spaniards were coarse, ignorant of local customs, and rude. Hernan and his men tried to convert the Aztecs to Christianity, but the Aztecs did not understand the language so many were brutally killed or enslaved by the Spanish. It didnt stop there though, the Spanish were killing Aztecs by the thousands, sometimes just for the fun of it. They brought down the Aztec Empire and brutally murdered their people with war and European diseases, such as smallpox. A large portion of the Aztec culture was destroyed in the battles they fought with the Spaniards. The Spanish had no right to destroy their whole population as well as their history, the Aztecs did not know of weapons or armor, they werent immune to small pox, and they devoted polytheist as well. The Spanish although outnumbered, had the technological advantage of steel weapons, armor, horses, and cannon. Upon his arrival in Tenochtitln, Cortez was initially welcomed and treated well, in part because the Aztec may have thought him to be a God. Soon Cortez decided to capture the Aztec ruler named Montezuma and held him hostage for a vast treasure in gold. The fighting was fierce, now both sides were clamoring for the blood...

Bilingualism and Brain Lateralization

Bilingualism and Brain Lateralization Polina Gavrilova Brain Lateralization and Neural Networks in Bilinguals In recent years, various studies have been conducted on bilingualism in regard to the neural basis of the first language (L1) and second language (L2) processing. The new technical advances, such as position emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are used to determine whether L1 and L2 share a common neural network or whether languages are represented in different areas of the brain (Dehaene et al., 1997; Perani et al., 1998; Liu, Hu, and Peng, 2010). Studies in neuropsychology have shown that for most people language processing takes place in the perisylvian areas of the left hemisphere. Research on bilinguals and polyglots who suffered brain injury revealed that occasionally aphasia affects only one of the languages that were previously acquired. This finding suggests that languages are represented in different parts of the brain (Paradis, 1995, cited in Perani et al., 1 998) and that L2 has reduced leftward lateralization (Albert Perani et al., 1998; Liu, Hu, and Peng, 2010). This paper examines whether L1 and L2 are supported by a common neural system or whether a dedicated cortical area represents each language. Furthermore, this paper identifies neural substrates activated by L1 and L2 during auditory, word production, and picture naming tasks. Dehaene et al. (1997) examined bilinguals (French-English) who acquired L2 after the age of seven. The researchers found that while listening to a task the superior temporal sulcus (STS), superior and middle temporal guri (STG and MTG), temporal pole (TP), and left angular gyrus (AG) were constantly activated in the left hemisphere for L1. STS and TP were also activated in the right hemisphere but it varied across subjects and the activation wasn’t as strong as in the left hemisphere. In addition, the neural pathway didn’t extend to AG. The findings for L2 showed greater inter-subject varia bility than for L1. The results of fMRI found that six subjects activated STS, STG, and MTG in the left temporal lobe for L2. However, the pixels of these activations were dispersed compared to the results for L1. The second language didn’t cause any activation in the left TP and AG. Also, some of the subjects didn’t show any neural activation in the left temporal region, which suggests that L2 is mostly dominated by their right hemisphere. The results also displayed that subjects activated additional resources while listening to L2. These additional sub-regions were the right STG and STS in the right temporal lobe. In addition, results of L2 showed that some subjects activated various networks outside the temporal lobe. Specifically, these subjects used the left inferior frontal gyrus, located in the Broca’s area, the inferior precentral sulcus, and the anterior cingulate. The research shows that L1 consistently activated the temporal lobe, especially stimulati ng the STS, STG, and MTG in the left hemisphere. Some subjects also activated these cerebral regions for L2 but with greater dispersion. Participants had strong leftward lateralization for L1 and inconsistent lateralization patterns for L2 across subjects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that L1 is represented in the left hemisphere for most people. Furthermore, the study suggests that late bilinguals require additional neural networks for L2. Therefore, some subjects recruited left inferior frontal gyrus, which is responsible for language production to help maintain L2 while processing it during tasks. The anterior cingulate was another additional resource, which is responsible for attention and control. This suggests that L2 is not as autonomic as L1 and subjects needed more resources and attention to process L2 (Pardo et al., 1990; Posner Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993, cited in Dehaene et al., 1997).

Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Samsung - Essay Example The headquarters of the company is situated in Seoul, South Korea and functions in over 100 countries across the globe. The Samsung group of companies is the largest conglomerate in the worldï€ ¬ in terms of revenues and the fact remains that â€Å"exports by Samsung Electronics Co., South Korea's most highly-valued firm, made up for 16.5 percent of the country's overseas shipments 2010† (Samsung Accounts for 16.5 Pct of S. Korean Exports in 2011, 2012). Samsung is renowned as one of the top growing international brands and functions in consumer electronics industry, consumer appliances as well as produces and sells a wide range of products including mobile phones, washing machines, televisionsï€ ¬ laptops etc. It becomes evident from this that the company gives top priority to the consumer electronics section. â€Å"In 2012, the brand value was worth USD 23.43 billion, which was a 20% increase from the previous year† (Global Harmony with People, Society & Environ ment, 2011). It is a fact that since the commencement of the business and up until the 1980sï€ ¬ Samsung was a follower not a leader. Samsung Electronics in Korea has transformed into a high-class business organization by shifting roles from an innovation follower to an innovation leader. In the late 1990s, Samsung opened a devoted â€Å"Value Innovation Program Centre† to recognize the core prospects to compete with its rivals. This is an incorporated five-floor facility? where value improvement is employed as a procedure and applied in numerous lines of products. 2.2 Internationalization Process Even though the organizational strategy of Samsung for the 90s revolves around consolidation, the strategy for its corporeal manufacturing facilities entails increasing progress offshore. The earliest abroad production efforts of Samsung were a Portuguese joint project operation set up in 1982, a United State subsidiary established in the year 1984 and also another established Mexican subsidia ry in 1988. They had proficiency in the production of color TV sets and several core constituents. In the late 1988? it also possessed twelve subsidiaries for sales outside Korea. 2.2.1 Samsung in UK In UK, Samsung intended to expand its smart phone delivery by trebling its product line, since it drops behind by its competitors like Apple and Nokia. â€Å"Although Nokia is market leader, but in case of smart phone Samsung emerged as leader† (Kaushik, 2012). Samsung holds only 3 per cent market share, against Nokia (35%) and Apple (17%).   UK Legislation like high levying for energy bill too encourages substitutes into the electronic industry which is a growing threat for the sector. â€Å"During London 2012, Samsung will also showcase its cutting-edge mobile technology at the Olympic Park and across major sites in the city to enrich the Olympic Games experience for spectators† (IOC marketing: Media Guide, 2012). 2.2.2 Samsung in Foreign Countries Subsequent to the

Democracy in Ukraine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Democracy in Ukraine - Essay Example not stealing from the state coffers and protecting favored oligarchs, but actually representing the people who elected them. For most people, this is a first taste of real self- determination" (Paton) In other democracies (such as the United States) are the chances of voter fraud minimized by the old established checks and balances " the vote fraud in (circa 2004) November's Ukrainian election, which denied Yuschenko his victory, was no different than the vote fraud in the United States election that same month, which denied John Kerry his victory; in both cases, there was a major discrepancy between exit polls and the official count. The exit polls in the United States were off by less than 2%. This discrepancy can largely be explained by exit pollsters acknowledged over sampling of women voters, new rules that limit nonvoters proximity to polling places, and the apparent high level of interview cooperation by Kerry supporters than by Bush advocates. The difference between exit polls and the official count in the Ukraine, by contrast, was more than 14%, and considerable evidence suggests that the Kiev government tampered with the results. For example in the Donestk region, officials claimed that Yushchenko won by less than 3% of the vote. International observers, also reported widespread intimidation of election monitors, ballot stuffing, multiple voting, and government pressuring of voters" (Zunes). In the United States the concept of free and fair elections may in some situations be viewed only as the ideal, but the electorate and the candidates have a target to aim for,... The Ukrainian media is state controlled and its primary thrust leading up to the election was the promotion of pro-government candidates. Once the government learned who the opposition candidates were, government controlled thugs went about the business of disrupting opposition campaign activity and were also engaged in act of violence. â€Å"Mykota Shkribliak, a leading opposition politician was murdered in 2002, and journalists who reported on corruption or criticized government policies were subjected to particularly serious harassment and violence. The judiciary in the Ukraine is notoriously inefficient and subject to corruption. It is clear that emerging or newdemocracies are beset with a number of the same common problems. In Czechoslovakia, Petr Cibulka is a five time political prisoner and has done time in the toughest communist prison camps in Czechoslovakia repeatedly between 1979 and 1989, he was jailed and in 1979 he conducted a 31-day hunger strike. In 1991 Cibulka began publishing his paper, Uncensored News, which took a hard line opposition stand against the official information blockade organized by the communists through their â€Å"soft† control of the mass media. In 1992 Mr. Cibulka acquired and published data fromsecret police files, including the names of 200,000 communist spies and collaborators.In April 2005 Mr. Cibulka was interviewed concerning his experiences and perceptions about the current state of democracy in Czechoslovakia. One of the questions posed to him was.

The trial of Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay Example for Free

The trial of Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay I walked into the court room, and looked at the jury, they were all white, I knew that it would have to be a miracle to get the jury to come back with the verdict that Tom Robinson was innocent. But I had a plan. If the trial goes well, I will appeal against the verdict, and then the court case will go to another place, where the jury wont be so biased against black people. The trial started and the first person who took the stand was the Sheriff, Mr Tate. The oppositions Lawyer, Mr Gilmer, was the first to ask Mr Tate some questions, all Mr Gilmer asked the Sheriff was what had happened on that night, the Sheriff replied by saying that he saw Miss Ewell on the floor beaten up, and that she had told him Tom Robinson had beaten her up and that Tom Robinson had took advantage of her. Things hadnt started well for me and Tom Robinson. I stood up and proceeded to ask Mr Tate some questions, the first question I asked was if he had called a doctor, Mr Tate replied by saying no, I asked him in a different way another two times, to make my point clear that no doctor had been called. I then asked him to describe the girls injuries, he described them and I asked on what side of her face was her black eye, after a couple of tries he finally said it was her right eye, and that it was mainly the right side of her face that was banged up badly. This was good news for me and Tom Robinson as I knew that Tom couldnt use his left hand, and it was obvious that who ever beat her up was using his left hand, I didnt reveal this to the court just yet. I then sat down and Mr Tate left the stand. The next person who was called to the stand was the father of the girl who was beaten up, his name was Robert E. Lee Ewell. Mr Gilmer was the first to question him he asked a couple of questions, and then he asked the important question. He asked Mr Ewell what he saw on that night, Mr Ewell replied with that he saw Tom Robinson having sexual intercourse with his daughter Mayella, he then said that he ran into the house but Tom Robinson had got out of the front door, moments before he had got there, He then said that he didnt chase after Tom Robinson because he was more concerned with his daughter Mayella, he said after making sure she was alright, he ran down to  the Sheriffs and got him to come back to the house. Mr Gilmer then sat down as he had no further questions to ask, Mr Ewell left the stand, but bumped into me as he tried to get back to where he had come from, I told him to go back to the stand as I had a couple of questions to ask him. I asked Mr Ewell a few questions, I then got him to write his name on the envelope, hoping to prove that he was left handed, as the person who beat Mayella up was left handed, Mr Ewell wrote his name and it showed he was left handed. I asked Mr Ewell if he was left handed and he said yes he was. That was my last thing to do with Mr Ewell so I sat down waiting for the next witness. The next person that took the stand was the victim Mayella Ewell. Mr Gilmer asked Mayella to tell everyone what had happened on the night she was beaten up on. Mayella burst into tears about a minute into questioning, and said that she was scared of my questioning techniques. After the Judge calmed down Mayella, she started to tell the jury what had happened on that day. She said that she called him over to bust up a chiffarobe, she said that he came to her and she said to him Ill just go get you a nickel, I went inside to get him a nickel and he ran up behind me, and grabbed me by the neck, he was cussing me and then he started to beat me. Mr Gilmer waited for Mayella to collect herself, when she was ready she said that he forced her to the floor and took advantage of her. I started asking Miss Mayella some questions, trying to build up a picture to the jury of her life at home, I then asked weather her father was good to her, she replied with a firm yes, but then she said except, b ut she stopped, I asked except when, but she replied as if she had never said the word except. I then asked her weather her father had beaten her when he was on the drink, she replied with a firm answer of no. After a few more questions I told Tom to stand up, I then asked Mayella if this was the man who raped her, she replied with a yes. I then started to ask questions trying to get to her heart and make her tell everyone that it was her Dad who had beat her, but she wouldnt answer any of my questions. She then started shouting that if we dont find Tom Robinson guilty then we are all yellow cowards. She then burst into tears again. Mayella was allowed to leave the stand. The court then took a ten minute break. We then called the final witness, Tom Robinson. I started by asking Tom about weather he had been in court before and he had said yes, I used this to show that Tom has nothing to hide. Tom then began to explain that he had done a lot of jobs for Mayella and that he never charged her for it. Tom then started to explain what happen on the night in question and he said he went in because Mayella called him in, but Tom said there was nothing for him to do, but Mayella told him to get a box of the top of the chiffarobe, I did what she said but she grabbed my legs, when I got down she hugged me around the waist, she then kissed me, I ran for the door but Mayella blocked, but then her dad looked through the window and shouted at Mayella, you god damn whore, Ill Kill you. I then just ran out of there. I asked if he had raped Mayella, he replied no sir, I asked if he had harmed her and he said no sir. That was the last of my questioning. Mr Gilmer now started to question Tom. He started sayin g stuff at Tom trying to break him down and trying to make him look like a liar in front of the jury, but Tom had an answer for all of his questions. That was the end of building up the evidence to prove Toms innocence. It was now time to go over all the evidence with the jury in a short summary. I proceeded to say that mostly the beating that was given to Mayella was done by somebody left handed, and we have all seen Mr Ewell write his name with his left hand, and we have all seen Tom Robinson swear on the oath with the only hand that he can use, which is his right hand. I then gave a long passionate speech about all men being equal, all the time trying to reach the jurys hearts because I knew if I couldnt reach their hearts and try to change their feelings about black people then we would loose the case because we live in a racist society where white people think they are superior to black people. That was the end of the trial and it was all down to the jury. I started walking around in the court room waiting for the jury to return with their verdict. Finally the jury the returned, they passed the piece of paper with the verdicts on to the judge, the judge polled the jury: guilty, guilty, guilty, the whole of the jury had returned with the verdict guilty. I walked over to Tom and had a word with him, I then left the court room, I was  saddened by the fact that the jury had let the colour of the mans skin decide that he was guilty, but I knew we could appeal against the ruling and have the trial taken to another place in the country, where Tom would receive a fair trial, and that trial I would win and Tom would be free.

Government and Politics - The Original Constitution Did Not Have Many D

Government and Politics - The Original Constitution Did Not Have Many Democratic Traits In two world wars, Korea, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf, Americans fought and died so that democracy would prevail around the world. In the minds of many Americans, America is the bastion of democracy. But how democratic is America? Today’s America was â€Å"born† with the signing of the constitution in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There, it was determined how democratic America would be. And every American should ask himself how democratic America was made at that constitutional convention in Philadelphia. Before pondering the extent of democracy one must determine what the term â€Å"democracy† means. Democracy is a â€Å"means of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to citizens’ preferences.†i[i] The traditional democratic theory further explains the ideas behind democracy. The five aspects of this theory are that one man equals one vote, there is good voter-turnout, citizens can obtain knowledge through free speech and press, the general public controls government agenda, and an extension of all rights to all citizens.ii[ii] From this, one could say a true democracy would submit every bill to the public for a popular vote, like the traditional town meetings of old New England where all eligible voters met to have their say in governmental agenda.iii[iii] One could also say that democracy implies protection of rights and equal rights for all. Or, as Abraham Lincoln said, a democracy is â€Å"gover nment of the people, by the people, and for the people.†iv[iv] The people make the government, they have a say in the agenda, and the government governs by the people’s consent. This ... ...rm Caucus in Action,† American Politics: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 18. xv[xv] Roche, John P., â€Å"The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action,† American Politics: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 10 & 12. xvi[xvi] Roche, John P., â€Å"The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action,† American Politics: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 14. xvii[xvii] â€Å"The Constitution of the United States of America† from American Politics: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999) pgs 566-572. Article I, Section 2, Clause 1. xviii[xviii] Rakove, Jack, â€Å"A Tradition Born of Strife,† American Politics: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999), 6.

Anne Sexton’s Cinderella: An Analysis Essay

We’ve always read or been read fairy tales once in our lives, and how do they always end? Yes, happily ever after. In Anne Sexton’s â€Å"Cinderella†, she shakes up the traditional fairy tale, by adding her own tale. She uses sarcasm to finish the tale, causing the reader’s expectation of a happy ending and a traditional fairy tale to disappear. In doing so, she depicts the difference between the fairy tale and reality world. With Sexton’s harsh words of reality, she breaks the dreams of the readers seeking a traditional fairy tale. The use of Sexton’s sarcastic tone foreshadows what is to come in the poem. The line â€Å"That story† (Line 5), which is repeated numerous times throughout the poem, makes the readers think of the original Cinderella fairytale. Perhaps along with this, by stating â€Å"That story† throughout the poem, she is trying to remind us how every fairy tale is the same. It always goes something like this: poor girl meets prince†¦and POOF! They live happily ever after! Now, when is life ever that easy? By adding her own anecdote, Sexton is depicting to the readers a more realistic fairy tale. Sexton uses irony through her sarcasm as well. Perhaps, it changes the reader’s views on the classical fairy tale. Cinderella is described as, â€Å"Cinderella was their maid. / She slept on the sooty hearth each night / and walked around looking like Al Jolson† (Line 30-32). Al Jolson who was a white man, who impersonated a black man, is compared to Cinderella. However, dressing up as a black man was Jolson’s choice, and being their maid dressed in grime was not Cinderella’s. Another example of ironic imagery in Sexton’s poem is actual my favorite lines in the poem. â€Å"The eldest went into a room to try the slipper on / but her big toe got in the way so she simply / sliced it off and put on the slipper. / The prince rode away with her until the white dove / told him to look at the blood pouring forth. / That is the way with amputations. / They don’t just heal up like a wish† (Lines 81-86). Perhaps Sexton is trying to show the readers how life never goes like a fairy tale. We do not get a fairy godmother to grant us our one simple wish. We must fight for everything that we want to have in our hands. With the use of her sarcasm,  Sexton, depicts to the reader how far the stepsister went to achieve her happily ever after ending. After reading this poem, the reader’s expectations may change through Sexton’s use of sarcasm. â€Å"Cinderella and the prince / lived, they say, happily ever after, / like two dolls in a museum case / never bothered by diapers or dust, / never arguing over the timing of an egg† (Line 100-104), from these lines, Sexton is in fact changing her fairy tale into a myth, making Cinderella and the prince just a portraits hung on the wall. By her use of sarcasm, Sexton is depicting for the readers how the fairy tale ending is in fact not reality. Just because Cinderella marries the prince does not necessary mean that they will live happily ever. If a person runs off and gets married, it never turns out quite like a fairy tale. Through Sexton’s poem, the reader can receive the message of the happily ever concept, for we begin to realize that life is just never that easy and never runs a long, smooth road. Sexton uses sarcasm as well as her own anecdotes to foreshadow the ending of the poem. On top of this, she always uses ironic imagery and also changes the reader’s view on the classic fairy tale ending. Through her own remake of â€Å"Cinderella†, Sexton successfully proves to us that fairy tales do not exist in reality. Sexton is sending out the message to have realistic dreams and not sit at home just waiting for a prince charming to pull up in the pumpkin carriage.

Appendix E: Racial Formation

University of Phoenix Material Appendix E Part I Define the following terms: |Term |Definition | |Racial formation | | | |Too look at a race as a socially constructed identity. | |Segregation |Setting apart or separating things or people and may refer to. |De jure segregation | | | |Segregation or isolation of individual from main group that Is imposed by law | |Pluralism |A condition in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious, or cultural groups are present and | | |tolerated within society | |Assimilation |The process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs attitude of the prevailing | | |culture. |Part II Answer the following questions in 150 to 350 words each: †¢ Throughout most of U. S. history in most locations, what race has been the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? It shows that the whites were the majority group threw out history, also it was deemed by the color of your skin also meaning if you had ligh ter looking skin the you were consider to be white , but if you had the darker looking color of skin then you were deemed to be of a different race. †¢ What are some of the larger racial minorities in U. S. history? What have been the common ancestral backgrounds of each of these groups?When did each become a significant or notable minority group? Hispanics really outnumber the African Americans as the largest minority group in Us history for the first time and that’s when the government starting counting the nations population more than two centuries ago. The Census Bureau’s confirmed a symbolic milestone for a nation whose history has been mainly black and white racial dynamics. They also said that it is adding a new dimension to everything from product making to politics learning the about their ethnic background. http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/nation/census/2003-06-18-Census_x. htm †¢ †¢ In what ways have laws been used to enforce discriminati on? Provide examples.These laws were intended against which racial minorities? Professor Gates from Harvard University was arrested by police investigating a possible break in at his own house. A lot of the Harvard faculty thought it was racial profiling. Again another incident was another Professor Counter which is in neuroscience, was almost arrested by Harvard Security in 2004 after being mistaken for robbery suspect as he crossed the Harvard Yard, Security officers threatened him to be arrested when he couldn’t produce his identification badge. Both professor are thinking that black men are being targeted by the Cambridge police department. http://www. boston. com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/07/harvard. html In what ways have laws been used to eliminate discrimination? Provide examples. Did the laws work to eliminate discrimination? This country has taken a huge step forward and has accepted some new changes and the remaining have not adapted to change. For example wher e at one time it was okay to discriminate against race, for its wrong today, but yet we are more accepting Bisexuals/Homosexuals to our country, instead of pushing them away. So now we are accepting gay marriage, and then we have others who do not. So what this is saying is laws are helping to change but not eliminate it, and that will take some time to do and a shift in culture and society. Lindsey Metzler

Favorite House Styles in the USA

Favorite House Styles in the USA Cape Cod and Ranch style houses were once the rage, but Americas tastes have changed over the past decade. Here are todays favorite house styles, according to our Dream House Survey. Mind you, this survey isnt scientific, but the results suggest some interesting trends. Readers are choosing homes homes with cozy details and a romantic flavor. Do you agree? 1. Craftsman Bungalow House Style Homey bungalows with low-pitched roofs and exposed rafters took America by storm in the early 1900s... and then faded from favor after 1930. But perhaps the style is making a comeback. Craftsman and Arts Crafts homes and bungalow homes were the most popular pick in our Dream House survey. 2. Tudor and English Country House Styles Scoring a close second in our Dream House Survey, this cozy style with half-timber details is reminiscent of Medieval English cottages and manor homes. Readers who responded to our survey were drawn to the small, diamond-paned windows and exposed wood framing found in many Tudor Revival homes. 3. Victorian Queen Anne House Styles Victorian is not actually a style, but a period in history, and Victorian architecture comes in many forms. There are the austere stick style homes, the fanciful Gothic Revival cottages,  and the majestic Italianates. But when people discuss Victorian architecture, they are often thinking of Americas so-called Queen Anne  style an elaborate, rather feminine, fashion with lavish details such as towers, wrap-around porches, bay windows, and elaborate trim. Queen Anne ranks number three in our survey, falling behind the more restrained Craftsman and Tudor styles. 4. Georgian Colonial House Styles Symmetrical, orderly Georgian houses became a prominent Colonial house style. Today, Georgian Colonial Revival is a model often imitated for elegant new homes. 5. Prairie House Styles Frank Lloyd Wright pioneered this style in Chicago at the turn of the century. Low-pitched hipped roofs give Prairie style  homes the appearance of hugging the earth, and the square, often symmetrical lines suggest strength and homespun values. 6. Dreams for the Future Borrowing ideas from the past, modern-day styles take on many shapes. One imaginative reader said that he dreamed of owning a home designed for desert living. The floors, he said, would be polished concrete. Air conditioning and heat will duct through the cement slab up through sand-filled interior walls, he wrote. Sounds very modern. Desert Modern. 7. Homes for Right Now Dream houses dont have to be big. In fact. sometimes our deepest passions come in small packages. One man from Ohio has created his own dream house. The 150-year-old cottage has no electricity, so hand tools and elbow grease were used to paint the shutters, sand the floors, and decorate the rooms with an admittedly eccentric style. A quirky man with dogged independence, he writes, This was meant to be fun, not some job to be instantly done. We cant argue with that. More Top Picks A few more questions: Out of all the styles to choose from, whats your favorite? Why do you love it? Here are responses:   High Victorian: Queen Anne, Second Empire, and the like are a showcase of fine craftsmanship not likely to be seen on such a grand scale again. I own an original foursquare. While I appreciate the nice woodwork, its too rectilinear.I like Colonial Revival and Ranch homes, but I also like Foursquare houses because that is what my grandparents had.Arts and Crafts: As a design enthusiast, my favorite style is Arts Crafts. Its wide and low pitched roofs, use of natural materials, earth-toned color schemes, and overall craftsmanship makes the Arts Crafts style hard to ignore and almost impossible to duplicate today. Morris, Greene, Stickley (Sears Roebuck) and, to a great extent, Wright owe much of what they did for architecture in this country, to the East (Asia if Im not mistaken). From Bungalow to Craftsman to Prairie, you will find very, very few people who are NOT taken with the Arts Crafts style.Tidewater: I love the tidewater houses. The wrap-around porches are efficient ventil ation systems. Living in the South, we are able to enjoy a lot of porch weather! Tropical Architecture: This is not a very recognized style but I love it because it addresses issues of the humid climate.Dutch Colonial: I like the dutch colonial revival with the gambrel roof, and also the standard colonial revival..Give Me a Ranch: I love the classic Raised Ranch. The home can be small in square footage but has potential to be designed in such a way that it feels bigger.Federalist Style House: The look of size is impressive in itself but the appearance of sturdiness and durability says home. Even Katrina couldnt blow this house down.Greek Revival: Greek Revival is American architecture at its besta style that is distinctly American for Americans. Chaste and classical, while formal and informal, yet beautiful and timeless are just a few of its many attractive qualities.Spanish: I absolutely love the Spanish-Mediterranean-Pueblo-Missionary type houses. They have a beautiful tropical warm appearance with a comfortable at home feel. Its like living a dream.

Racial profiling against american minorities Essay

Racial profiling against american minorities - Essay Example Racial profiling will not help the policing procedures becomes effective and the insurance practices as well. The paper will enlighten some of us who are not aware that they are committing racial discrimination against the minorities. In this paper you will be able to identify the policing procedures and insurance policies for African Americans differs from the normal citizen of USA. To understand the topic fully it is best to define terms involved in the study. At the end of the paper the reader will agree or disagree on matter involving racial profiling against African American in policing procedures and insurance policies. Racial profiling is one of the most frequently debated topics in the U.S today. Numerous instances and issues have been brought to light especially with regards to the police making undue stops on black motorists. It is basically the practice of targeting African Americans whom they assume are more likely to be involved in criminal activity. Racial profiling happens when the police officials or a private security personnel use a person's race to judge or base a criminal activity. Discrimination which is rooted solely on an individual's colour, nationality etc destabilizes the human rights which everyone is entitled to. The issue in recent days has spread further to focus on Middle ... Racial profiling happens when the police officials or a private security personnel use a person's race to judge or base a criminal activity. Discrimination which is rooted solely on an individual's colour, nationality etc destabilizes the human rights which everyone is entitled to. The issue in recent days has spread further to focus on Middle Eastern characteristics as well. What is termed as racial profiling could probably just be a matter of discretion to some. However the law enforcement officers should not be pressurised with racial profiling background so as to hinder justice and should be able to do their duty for the just and reasonable reason without fear of being attacked for racial profiling. Racial profiling and residential segregation are the basis of collective racism in today's world. The problem has become quite severe in certain states that anti-profiling statutes had to be brought in place to ensure equality in policing procedures and discourage racial profiling. After the 9/11 incident racial profiling had become rampant with Asians and Arabs being stopped by law enforcement officers claiming to investigate terrorist activities. Most of these people have clear criminal records and have never before been charged which makes it a humiliating experience causing tension and racist feelings. One of ACLU's first priorities is the fight against racial profiling and the method of substituting the colour of the skin as grounds

The Effect of Sildenafil on Embryo Development Literature review

The Effect of Sildenafil on Embryo Development - Literature review Example To increase the success rate of IVF, the clinical and laboratory procedures were enhanced in order to reduce the risk of side-effects on the part of patients (Gupta and Agarwa, 2010). Despite the effort to improve the use of IVF, Diedrich et al. (2007) revealed that successful pregnancy rates remain low. The common problems encountered with the use of the IVF procedure includes: (1) inadequate supply of nutrients and oxygen necessary to make the embryo implant itself in the endometrium lining (Forbes and Westwood, 2010; Raine-Fenning et al., 2004a; Kennedy, 1997); (2) lack of endometrial receptivity (Forbes and Westwood, 2010; Kennedy, 1997); (3) failed ovarian responses to the IVF protocols (Oudendijk et al., 2012; Tarlatzis et al., 2003); and (4) uterine blood flow abnormalities caused by poor angiogenesis or vasculogenesis (Satterfield et al., 2010; Huppertz et al., 2006). Due to the failure of the embryo implant itself in the endometrium lining, women can either experience a misc arriage, a recurrent miscarriage, implantation failure, or a recurrent implantation failure (Christiansen et al., 2006; Margalioth et al., 2006; Tomassetti et al., 2006). Based on the study of Achache and Revel (2006), approximately 2/3 of failed IVF is caused by the inability of the embryo implant itself in the endometrium lining. One of the pharmacological drugs that are being considered in treating problems related to the endometrium lining is the sildenafil citrate (Hattori and Tabata, 2006). Through the use of this particular drug, the presence of nitric oxide can will not only create a positive effect on the endometrium lining during the implantation stage but also help in preventing the presence of intrauterine adhesions during menstruation and maintain normal blood pressure during pregnancy (Nakatsuka et al., 2002; Sher et al., 2000; Norman and Cameron, 1996). Based on the study of Sher et al. (2000), the use of 25 mg of sildenafil citrate vaginal suppository for at least four (4) times each day for a period of one week prior to ovarian stimulation will not only increase the endometrium thickness by more than 8 mm but also improve the uterine blood flow. In a similar study, Paulus et al. (2002) examined the effects of 25 mg of sildenafil citrate vaginal suppository on ten (10) women with poor endometria l response to IVF. After administering the vaginal suppository for at least four (4) times each day, the authors noted a 9 mm increase in the endometrium thickness of nine (9) patients but no such improvements in the patients’ uterine blood flow (Paulus et al., 2002). Aside from having a trilaminar pattern during the ovulation period, Chanona et al. (2004) found that it is possible to increase the endometrium thickness up to more than 10 mm after administering 50 mg of sildenafil citrate vaginal suppository each day between the 9th to 12th day of menstruation cycle.  

Nursing bridge programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing bridge programs - Essay Example Typical courses that are involved in these online classes include pharmacology, psychology, physiology, anatomy, and microbiology. On passing the course, the LPN will have to take the NCLEX-RN test for one to get the RN title. When one is getting their bridging course online, they are still required to get clinical training from a health facility setting. As with all types of schools, online LPN to RN bridging courses have a disadvantage in that the students have limited instructor and peer interaction, as well as a lack of readily available facilities (Nunnery 30). This problem faced Olivia Medina and Allisan Loya, who completed their courses after retaking an entire semester and failed to complete it altogether respectively. Of the six LPNs taking the bridging course at Lamar College in Texas, only Allison passed and this could be because they are all full time working mothers who do not have time to take part in the practical aspect of their course. It has been reported that while the popularity of bridging online courses has increased overall, the rates of course completion is very low. This has been seen in the case of the students from Lamar College and the problem of online LPN to RN bridging courses is two-pronged. ... However, it is this later group that makes up the highest proportion of online bridging course enrollment (Nunnery 39), which means that they need the most contact with their instructors in order to be successful. Research has indicated that LPN students who enroll in online bridging courses have a higher chance of not completing their course or failing than those who attend traditional courses in the classroom, which leads to loss of their tuition money. In addition, students who have other commitments in their lives and are barely succeeding in traditional classrooms have been found to fall even more behind when taking bridging online courses (Nunnery 40). For this reason, there is a need to improve the online bridging courses for LPNs to RNs, while it may be prudent for those online courses that have a high failure and non-completion rates to require their students to first show adeptness in the traditional classroom setting prior to enrolling them in the online courses. Online br idging courses that do not take the individual requirements of the students into consideration suffer the risk of low completion rates and failures (Nunnery 40), which has necessitated a closer and more personal approach to these students. However, this is much easier said than done. The online bridging revolution for LPNs has been gathering momentum for the last ten years, although evidence shows that their success rates are at least half of what they are for students taking traditional classes. One logical answer to this may be the institution of front door controls for students enrolling in the online LPN to RN bridging courses (Cherry & Jacob 34). This would be in line with the testing that is required for

Risk Assessment for Vertex-Speed Ltd. Durham County, UK Essay

Risk Assessment for Vertex-Speed Ltd. Durham County, UK - Essay Example Sunderland won the contract for the Micra with the promise of a 40m government grant. General Motors (GM) manufactures cars in the UK under the name Vauxhall and they also indicate that the strong British pound is making it difficult to see a profit. 5m grants ensured that the new Vectra model was produced in Ellesmere Port. This created 1,200 jobs in that city, but the old Luton plant loss 1,900 jobs when the facility moved to Ellesmere Port. Vauxhall required 5m in government grants for production to occur in the UK and not at the Antwerp, Belgium plant. GM also finds the strong pound a challenge for profitable business. Toyota has two factories in the UK at Burnaston and Deeside with over 3000 employees. The Deeside plant produces car engines. The other car markets doing well are the luxury classes such as Rolls Royce and Bentley, which are not as affected by the varying exchange rates. The UK has over 40 vehicle manufacturing plants with 40 billion of the Gross National Product with the majority of producers being foreign owned. The industry is vital to the UK and means that diversification, expansion and other adaptations are required to compete in a global market Management Focus. The plants closed or consolidated (Luton for example) have provided a method of beginning business for companies that could not afford the start up costs from the ground up (zero based production sites). Vertex-Speed Ltd has seen impressive growth and development in the last twenty years in spite of a changing market and the pound so strong against the Euro. County Durham is an ideal location with cooperation from local governments and a good reputation with consumers. 35% of our production is in the Vertex Gamma, a luxury sedan popular with the executive class. A study was ordered by Vertex-Speed Ltd regarding the feasibility of establishing an automobile factory in either Brazil or Malaysia since the majority of the Gammas produced are exported to Brazil and Malaysia. The move to a horizontally integrated Multinational Corporation (MNC) is a complicated one and many aspects of such expansion must be taken into consideration. The following assessments investigate the political, economic states of Brazil and Malaysia as well as a number of other factors such as the level of corruption and the attitudes toward foreign investors, which could determine whether it is best to consider Greenfield investment or an acquisition. A reliable supply chain and component makers are mandatory and more important than cheap labour costs (Management Focus). Risk Assessment for Brazil Country Risk- Financial Brazil has the largest economy in South America and is a country of contrasts. While not a poor country with

Overcoming Barriers to Inclusion for Physically Disabled

Overcoming Barriers to Inclusion for Physically Disabled Special Educational Needs (SEN) are learning differences, difficulties or disabilities that make it harder for a child to learn than other within their peer group. This could be behavioural difficulties, emotional, social and intellectual difficulties. Defining inclusion refers to the process of educating students with disabilities along with their general peers. The general goal is to allow children with disabilities to be educated with their peers in the regular classroom to the maximum extent appropriate for the learning in the least restrictive environment. For some children this means being with typical peers all day and for others it may mean, mainstreaming. (www.amazon.co.uk 2009) The inclusion process is dependent on the child individual needs; they use an Individual Education Plan (IEP) team for example parents, teachers and other school staff put strategies together for inclusion. The IEP is the basic right of any child with a disability. Physical educational can provide many positive benefits for pupils with or without disabilities. Physical Education (P.E) can provide the opportunity to socialise with peers and develop relationships has well as developing their motor skills. Many children with disabilities do not have the opportunity to socialise outside of school hours or participate in physical activities. They depend on this interaction to meet their social needs. (www.amazon.co.uk 2009) Researchers found that for those who are fortunate to participate in an inclusive education do find themselves to have more self worth. On the downside, teachers attitudes to inclusion have a direct effect on inclusion working. If teachers are not open and tolerant to the childs physical needs the child will not be has relaxing and benevolent. Teachers need to be patient with students who learn at a slower pace and accept the responsibilities of incorporating activities to suit regardless of ability level. Its imperative that teachers sees the children first then recognise the disability. Many disabled children were considered has ‘in educable until 1970. Before 1970 children were segregated from their families and put into ‘special hospitals or institutions. In 1978 the Warnock Report was the biggest ever investigation into SEN (Special Educational Needs), this report put the issues of integration of disabled children in mainstream schools for the first time. (inclusion.uwe.ac.uk) Nearly 30 years after Baroness Mary Warnock ‘inclusion into mainstream school, she acknowledges that ‘inclusion had failed. Mary Warnock stated and admitted that ‘schools did not always provide properly for children with disabilities and proposed a radical review of the system. (Guardian 2008) Since the revision of the SEN code of practice there have been several changes for the better. SENCO, head teacher and governing body with other members of staff have an imperative responsibility in the role of providing an inclusive education for those with disabilities. SENCO welcomed the SEN code of practice but they were still concerned with some of the difficulties they were facing in implementing the code. The difficulties they were facing were the lack of resources, time constraints and low status. However the codes of practice have become more effective in their provision for pupils with disabilities by setting them new targets. In recent years teaching assistance has been working alongside teachers to give extra support for children with SEN. Having the extra support in classrooms helps secure mainstream education for all instead of segregation into separate ‘special schools. John OBrien an inclusion consultant says that adults have an important role in helping children to build responsible relationships with each other, especially when those relationships are across a social fracture line like race, gender and disabilities. Developing (inclusion.uwe.ac.uk 2009) inclusion means ending segregation, inclusion is a developing process and is concerned with breaking barriers to help learning increase. During the 1980s and 1990s there was much investment in new special schools to meet the needs of children with learning and physical disabilities. The motivation for these separate schools was that mainstream education was unable to provide the additional support and care that was required. Since the start of the 21st century there has been a political shift in thinking with many special schools closing or merging with their nearest primary or secondary school or college. The social aspect of education is crucial to all learners and that a persons learning or physical difficulties are best met in an inclusive social environment. (www.pedagogy 2009) There are a range of barriers that children face, the three I looked at were inclusion, barriers to inclusion and multi agency working. Inclusion came into force in 1990 and the purpose for this new legislation was to eradicate potential barriers. This was so children could benefit fully from an effectual inclusive education. The belief behind the new legislation was to include all regardless of their impairment to a full time education and for them to grow to the best of their ability. Even though society has moved forward there is still some segregation. Current legislation should be seen in a chronological context as part of a slow process of change for the better. Some barriers children also face are the lack of motivation due to it being painful and tiring for them. However for sensory and learning disabilities the world may seem disorganised and baffling because of their impairment. Another barrier children also face is over protective parents, treating their children childlike and unable. Therefore it is often a great concern for parents when their disabled child starts to express and assert themselves. For many disabled children it is important part of their life to express their identity and feeling (inclusion.uwe.ac.uk 2009). The aims of the Multi Agency Services are to work for disabled children. The services are to provide families with an effective team of supporters to help families in managing their disabled childrens complex health care needs at home. The multi agency is working and making a significant difference to children and their families. However a number of social and emotional barriers for families still remain. (pg 78 making a difference). Mainly families still struggle with daily routines (such as sleep deprivation) to trying to sort out social activities for themselves and their disabled child. The multi agency service had enabled families to short breaks and day trips to elevate some of the pressure of being their childs twenty four hour carer. There are also some families with a disabled child or children who receive no support with help in calming benefits despite being on a low income. Some families felt that there was a lack of co-ordination and flexible support from the multi agency services thus leaving them to suffer emotional pressure. Even though Multi Agency Services had helped some children they are still faced with a multiple of barriers. The barriers they face where exercising their basic human rights, this included feelings that they could not have the rights to communicate, the rights to be independent, the rights to develop friendships and relationships, and to participate in ordinary leisure and recreational activities and the right to be consulted and informed about their care and support. (pg 78 Making a Difference). Although there is still room for improvement within the multi agency service, Overall families that have been involved with the agency have reported that they felt their quality of life had improved. The models of disability provides a framework for understanding the way in which people with impairments experience disability, This helps society to understand the impact society has on impairments. There are two main models which are the social and medical model. The social model has been designed by disabled people. People with a disability says that barriers exist within society and the way society is organised. Before the social model had been developed disabled people felt that they had to voice their opinions because society would discriminate and exclude them from society. The aim for the social model is to remove barriers so that a disabled person can have the same opportunities has everyone else. Society has started to change because a person with impairment can use public transport and gain full access to building thus making them no different to an able bodied person. Under the medical model disabled people are defined by their illness or medical condition. Disabled people are often seen as the problem in society and that its them who should learn to adapt to society and not society to them. The medical model view that disabled people need to be cured or cared for and professional justify that its acceptable for a disabled person to go into a specialised school or being isolated at home where only their basic needs are met. The professionals determine which school the child will attends and the sort of education supplied. The professional are the ones creating some barriers has it will limit their opportunities, thus creating stereotypes who will pity, fear and patronise them instead of working together for a inclusive environment. (www.fepdfscotland In conclusion barriers are starting to be knocked down and people with impairments are starting to be heard. Disabled children want to be respected and listened to and to be able to play with friends, to feel safe and be comfortable. Some other potential barriers were that children faced were feelings of segregation has they would be left out of day to day activities. Some people take for granted that having a disability would prevent the children from having fun thus resulting in isolation. Some families also reported that they did not know where and how to get help and the other barriers they face were actually persuading someone that help was needed. Their Families also found that the provisions they were finally provided with was too little and too late to make the best possible improvement to the quality of their everyday life. For the disabled child parents they found that they miss out on full entitlements to benefits because some services tended not pass on the proper informa tion needed. Some other potential barriers families have faced were the very long waiting list for intervention, equipment and adaptions which meant the loss of integration for children and their needs. Families with disabled children have a real struggle with finding the right services and information to suit their childs needs and when they do finally get the right sort of help they always have to repeat their painful stories to different members of staff. Some services tend to work towards their own priorities rather than what best for the child, this is a particular issue in the transition from childhood to adulthood where they need to consider options of accommodation and employment depending on the person individual needs. Families also found it harder to contribute to everyday life in ways where non-disabled families took for granted. At worst, this can result in social exclusion for all the family. (www.audit-commission 2009) restricted access, service gaps or bullying cultu re put pressure on the whole family. For many children and families there tends to be at least one outstanding member of staff that will give the family support, empathy and expertise. Having such expertise has given the families of disable children the support required which have helped make a difference in a small way. Other staffs as demonstrated a child- centred approach and motivation to work beyond their strictly defined role.

Horse Dealers Daughter :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The short story, â€Å"The Horse Dealer’s Daughter,† by D. H. Lawrence is about Mabel Pervin and her three brothers who are left with debts to pay after their father’s death. Once the horses are sold Mabel’s brothers decide where their lives would lead them and advice her to seek the home of her sister. Realizing their rejection and acknowledging an uncertain future, she visits the graves of her mother and father. Feeling depressed and helpless, Mabel walks into a mucky pond not cognizant of Jack Fergusson’s presence. Fighting his fear of water, Jack saves Mabel from an attempted suicide and has become a part of Mabel’s plan to remain where she wants to be. She decides to take advantage of the situation by expressing her love and convincing Jack that he loves her as well. Mabel’s love, in this story by D.H. Lawrence, is her escape from having to leave her town and live with her sister in a less desirable fashion. Sh e uses love as a means of obtaining the comfortable lifestyle that she once lived. She can once again have luxuries in life now that she will be marrying a doctor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just as in the previous story, James Joyce’s short story â€Å"Araby† also suggests love as an escape. In this short story, the young boy’s existence surrounds a dreary and harsh environment. He lives with an uncle who drinks and an aunt who suffers from the heartache of an unhappy marriage. The boy’s friend Mangan has a sister who he is infatuated with to the extent of following her every move. He is so empowered by his feelings for her, he decides to go to Araby and buy Mangan’s sister a gift. On the day of the bazaar, his uncle forgets to be home on time to give the boy money and therefore causes him to be late.

Ingredient Branding of Industrial Goods

Ingredient Branding of Industrial Goods: A case study of two distinct different automotive suppliers Waldemar Pfoertsch[1] / Johannes Rid[2] / Christian Linder[3] Abstract This paper concerns ingredient branding; more specifically, ingredient branding for industrial goods. Although research in ingredient branding has been quite intensive in the area of fast moving consumer goods, considerably less research has been carried out for industrial goods. In this paper, the authors provide insight into whether successful ingredient branding can be transferred to industries where it has not been a common phenomenon: automotive suppliers.Two major companies in the automotive industry are analyzed in this paper: Autoliv, a major player in car-safety supplies and equipment like seat belts and airbags, and Bosch, producers of a large variety of car components, like diesel and gasoline injection systems, braking components (e. g. ABS and ESP), and starting motors and alternators. The findings inc lude enormous potential for B2B companies in the field of ingredient branding. Car suppliers, for instance, have rarely used the option of branding their ingredients at the finished product.The authors give a historical perspective, show e. g. that ABS braking system, invented by German supplier Bosch would have been a perfect candidate for branding to the final customer. In the purchasing decision of potential car buyers, the ingredient ABS, provided by a strong ingredient manufacturer (e. g. Bosch) could have led to a preference of buying a specific car, and in the end, added to the supplier’s reputation and revenue. 1. Leveraging the brand We now live in a world where consumers receive thousands of impressions and messages every day.Ever increasing competition makes it more difficult for a message to reach the audience and target group, with the consequence that it becomes harder for a consumer to differentiate between brands. Furthermore, as competitive advantages and inn ovations are copied at a higher speed, products and services become more alike. In this kind of environment, it is important for producers to find a position for their product or service in order to focus and clarify the attributes that make their product unique to the customer.In response to this current business environment, research and best practice show that more and more firms have come to the realization that one of their most valuable assets is the brand name associated with their products or services. (Keller,2003, Pfoertsch/Mueller, 2006). Producers understand that powerful brands are beneficial to the company: â€Å"Brands, therefore, are genuine assets and, like other forms of asset, they can appreciate considerably as a result of careful management and development. † (Blackett, in: Murphy, 1989).Kotler/Pfoetsch (2006) have proved that B2B branding offers strong competitive advantages, â€Å"by implementing a holistic brand approach companies can accelerate and i ncrease their overall success† compared to companies that do not go the path of B2B branding. Brands should be seen in a holistic manner where all activities of a company should be integrated to get the maximum advantage (Kotler/Pfoertsch, 2006). Strategic success might be achieved through leveraging the brand, because the brand is one of the most strategic and worthy assets a firm owns.Possibilities to leverage the brand include line extensions, stretching the brand vertically, brand extensions, and co-branding (Pfoertsch/Schmid, 2005). Co-branding means that two brands form an alliance in one or several areas that lead to a new product branded with both brands. Ingredient branding, on the other hand, is a brand that is solely used as a component of a branded article (Riezebos, 2003). According to Norris (1992), there are two relevant criterias that must be fulfilled for ingredient branding. First, the component can only be bought and consumed by consumers as a part of the br anded article.Second, the brand name of the component is only used for such an ingredient (and not for ‘normal’ branded articles as well). 2. Can you ingredient brand where branding is not a common phenomenon? The reason companies start to co-operate is due to technological and psychological changes of the business environment. There are two reasons why this occurs (Uggla, 2000): First, technology and new distribution patterns open up new possibilities for cooperation where brand extension and brand alliances become more interesting from a strategic point of view.Second, consumers look for risk reduction, and brand extension and brand alliances might be the right strategies to reduce consumer risk. Strategies to meet the demands of a changing world are co-branding and ingredient branding. There are some good examples of ingredient branding of durable goods on the market, such as Shimano as a component supplier of cycles, and Intel in the computer industry. Intel, for in stance, â€Å"positioned itself to be the heart and soul of personal computers.The strategy was to create a brand, and it worked – for PCs† (Karolefski, 2001). In other industries that produce industrial goods, like the car industry, ingredient branding has not been a common strategy. The primary question that guides us through this paper is: Is it possible for industrial goods industry like the automotive industry to adopt an ingredient brand when ingredient branding is not a common phenomenon? 3. Analyzing with real world data In this paper, real world data from two different companies were collected and compared.A qualitative approach was chosen, which enables us to analyze, understand and interpret the situation rather than giving standardized results. The aim was to understand the strategy of ingredient branding as a whole. Research was mainly based on collecting data through interviews with decision makers (respondent interviews), which implies that the interview s are of a strategic nature. A case study approach gives the possibility of getting deeper insight into a certain problem or situation and to ascertain how interviewees perceive their situations.The presented cases are Bosch and Autoliv, two companies representing the car SUPPLIER manufacturing industries. Since this study aims to help understand why and under what circumstances companies choose an ingredient brand strategy, the case study approach was seen as the most appropriate. The Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart offers a wide range of products to the market, both as a supplier to different kinds of manufactures, as well as a producer of consumer goods. It had 2007 a turnover of â‚ ¬46,7 billion and employs over 271,000 people in about 50 countries.Today, 70% of Bosch turnover is from the car industry – it is a pioneer in the automotive supplier industry, with products that include ABS and ESP, injection systems, brakes, starter motors and alternators. Another major car s upplier, Autoliv Inc. is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, the result of a merger between Autoliv of Sweden, founded in 1953, and the American company Automotive Safety Production, started in 1997. Autoliv of Sweden was the inventor of seat belts, which first came onto the market in 1956, and developed the first airbag for cars in 1980.Autoliv has about 30% market share in its segment on a worldwide basis, and employs about 6,000 people, with sales in 2004 of $ 5 billion. 4. Leveraging the brand for industrial goods If a company realizes that it cannot capitalize on its own brand alone, it might choose to capitalize on another brand. This implies that company A wants to â€Å"borrow† association of a brand from company B. It follows that company B in turn must also want to have something from A, since B must also benefit from its association with A.Generally speaking, three prerequisites must be fulfilled before company A and B collaborate: 1) Both companies must have suffi cient brand equity, otherwise they would not be able to â€Å"borrow out† any associations (Keller, 2003); 2) company A and B should have a common basis of associations, meaning that A and B’s identity should have a certain degree of fit (Riezebos, 2003); and 3) that company A should be able to â€Å"offer† associations which B does not have and vice versa (Park/Jun/Shocker, 1996). (1) Sufficient brand equity The first prerequisite in terms of brand identity is that both brands have ufficiently strong and unique associations; that both of the brands (ingredient and host brand) separately have enough brand equity (Keller, 2003, p. 362). In this study, the question is whether Autoliv and Bosch each offer enough brand equity so that they could be potentially interesting partners for a host brand seeking to leverage its brand identity. The brand equity of Bosch can be rated as high. Bosch has successfully leveraged its own brand with brand extensions and line extens ions. Bosch, in its beginnings, was a producer of car parts like starting motors and alternators.Over time, Bosch began to capitalize and leverage its own brand by extending their product range, including the development and production of power tools, mobile telephones, security systems, and industrial packing machines. The other company in this case study, the car safety producer Autoliv, is a well-known brand among B2B customers. Autoliv wants to work together with the best automotive companies in the field of car safety: â€Å"The identity of Autoliv is a company that always has the technical leadership in the area of car safety equipment like airbags and seat belts.Autoliv strives to always be the first with technical development in their area. † (Mats Odman, Autoliv). (2) Common basis of associations The second prerequisite is that the companies working together should have a certain degree of similarity in their brand identity (Riezebos, 2003). According to Keller (2003 ), the logical fit (image and product) between the two brands is the most important requirement for a successful collaboration between two brands.That means a) that both companies’ brand identities (host and ingredient brand) should be in correspondence with each other, and b) that the ingredient offers complementary brand associations. Main associations connected with Bosch are: quality and innovation. Most car manufacturers have these associations as well, therefore, a common basis of associations does exist. Bosch representatives say that â€Å"products from Bosch contribute key values to the brand such as a promise from Bosch about product quality. Bosch products are also innovative in the car industry which is reflected in their slogan ‘We bring innovation’, e. . Bosch was first to introduce engine injection systems with 1600 bar pressure† (Stefan Seiberth, Bosch). On the negative side, Bosch has the problem of being a supplier to virtually every car manufacturer in the world, and these car manufacturers have widely different brand identities (e. g. the brand identity of BMW is totally different than that of Volkswagen). Autoliv can be more precise in common associations. Autoliv aims to develop projects with car manufacturers that are striving for the latest technology in car safety, most likely with car manufacturers in the premium segment.A logical fit exists here because Autoliv has the same aim of technical leadership as the car manufacturers they choose to work together with. (3) Offering complementary associations Finally, cooperation between brands will only work if the partner brand offers complementary associations, which the host brand does not have, and vice versa (Park/Jun/Shocker, 1996). The concept of brand identity system is central here (Aaker, 1996), and includes the following definition: â€Å"Brand identity is a unique set of brand associations that the brand strategist desires to create or maintain.These as sociations represent what the brand stands for† (Aaker, 1996). Brand identity consists of twelve dimensions organized around four perspectives – the brand-as-product (product scope, product attributes, quality/value, uses, users, country of origin), brand-as-organization (organizational attributes, local versus global), brand-as-person (brand personality, brand-customer relationships), and brand-as-symbol (visual imagery/metaphors and brand heritage). Though not all perspectives might be appropriate for every brand, it should help firms to consider different brand elements to be able to enrich and differentiate their brand identity.The brand identity model is structured into core and extended identity. The core identity is the timeless and central essence of the brand. Therefore, it will most likely remain constant while the brand is stretched to new markets and products. The extended identity consists of brand identity elements, which complete the core identity, such a s a slogan, sub-brands, and the brand personality (e. g. reliable, American, German engineering, friendly). [pic] Figure 1: Aaker’s model for brand identity modified with results from the case studyTo be able to identify and analyze what the case companies Bosch and Autoliv have to offer to their partners (host brands) in terms of desirable attributes, the above figure based on Aaker’s (1996) model summarizes the most important advantages of the examined cases. The reader should note that this paper is based on a study from the supplier’s perspective (partner brand). Therefore, spill-over effects which the case companies might receive from the producer side are not examined. Bosch offers associations which the partner brand possibly does not have.Attributes like ‘German engineering’, ‘reliable’ and ‘innovation’ could be easily used and benefited from by car manufacturer building middle and lower-class cars. Autoliv’s contribution to collaboration is technical leadership. One could say that Autoliv is a premium brand in their field of competence, thus offering strong associations in quality. To summarize, we can conclude that brand equity is one of the most, if not the most, valuable assets a company has. The company’s brand identity is the most important factor in creating or pushing the company’s brand equity.Company’s management should continuously try to leverage the brand’s identity. Our case companies Bosch and Autoliv prove that leveraging is fully possible in the area of industrial goods 5. Fit between brands So far, the authors have analyzed whether the examined companies and the industrial goods sector could offer enough brand equity and possibilities to leverage. In other words, up until this part of the analysis, we have looked upon whether our case companies would be interesting partners for the producers in their industries, and if the case companies ful fill the prerequisites to make co-branding successful.Now let’s look closer into the fit of brands and the field of brand association base. Image transfer What does theory say about the transferring process? Riezebos (2003) defines image transfer through the term deductive inference, which is the deduction of results/conclusions from brand images already in existence. Deductive inference is important when associations from one brand or entity is carried over to another brand/entity.For the transfer process, a source, which consumers must have certain associations with in terms of where it comes from, and a target (inductive inference, meaning that the associations load the image of the target) is needed. In summary, image transfer is a positive transfer from source to target, and similarly a positive feedback from target to source (Riezebos, 2003). For transferring associations, it is both necessary that source and target have something in common (e. g. common brand name), an d that the target evokes certain brand associations.Ingredient branding and co-branding are brand-stretching strategies based on image transfer. Critical success factors for image transfer are 1) the sources’ level of brand-added value, 2) how the products are related to each other (target and source should only to a minor degree differ from each other), 3) the target group similarity (Park, 1991), and 4) family resemblance (different packages sharing the same facings). Brand association base Simonin and Ruth (1998) stress the fit between brands (and between the products), which significantly affects the attitudes towards the alliance.Leading researchers agree that companies should integrate the brands they cooperate with within their overall brand architecture. The authors have used the brand association base described by Uggla (2003) to examine the question of fit. The result can be seen in the figure below where the association base model has been modified with the finding s from the case studies. The association base is a relevant tool for this purpose – to organize brand alliances and the brand structure from a leader brand perspective and intention.The association base describes how brands can be organized together. The model contains four different core components: leader brand associations, partner brand associations, institutional associations and the customer’s brand image. In a cooperation of brands, the advantage for the leading brand is that it adds values and positive associations to the product. The partner brand gets access to the distributions channels leading to the end-consumer market. The collaboration between the leader brand and the partner will determine an association base.The customer will evaluate the perceived equity from the association base and shape a specific brand image (Uggla, 2001). Figure 2: Modified brand association base (Uggla, 2003) Bosch, as a car part producer with German quality and innovation as th eir base of associations, could definitely contribute to the car manufacturer’s base of associations as for Mercedes-Benz: Enduring Passion. Autoliv has valuable associations for a potential host brand in terms of car safety. On the other hand, Autoliv does not build brand value, Autoliv would be a weaker partner brand according to the collaboration theory.The partner brand should help to expand the base of associations of the leader brand, and the partner brand’s core identity should lead into the direction the leader brand wants to go to, and the direction should be defined by the leader brand. The partner brand should also help to strengthen the base of associations while bringing in exclusivity and differentiation. Once more, Bosch has proven to be a valuable partner when tested against this theory. Autoliv stands weaker in this respect because the company is not actively building brand equity towards the final customer.To summarize, Uggla (2003) suggests that a le ss familiar leader brand should be connected to a strong partner brand with high brand familiarity. A lesser-known and/or unfamiliar car manufacturer (e. g. Asian car manufacturers who want to enter new markets outside Asia) using Bosch in-car equipment, for example, would be a positive example of this guideline. Functional and emotional incentives for brand collaboration A way of defining the motives for collaboration is given by Uggla (2001). He suggests a model based on a matrix, which is divided into emotional and functional benefits, to be able to understand why brands engage in co-operation.The model is based upon Aaker’s theory about the brand’s identity, but focuses on how the components of the value proposition are divided and shared among partners. The model divides the brands engaged in co-operation to a leader brand and (one or more) partner brand(s). The leader brand can choose to develop own associations or choose to capitalize on other brands’ ass ociations. The partner brand’s contribution should be to expand to the leader brand’s base of associations and add critical physical and/or emotional attributes.Two different incentives for collaboration are functional and emotional benefits (Uggla, 2001). An example for a functional alliance is Intel because Intel contributes with a product (the processor for a computer) for which they have core competence. With emotional incentives, the aim of the leader brand is to endorse reputation (Cooke, 2000), which is the aim to get a better image and/or quality association with the help of the partner brand. On the other hand, the partner brand can profit from the leader brand’s functional attributes. [pic] Figure 3: Applied incentive model from leader and partner brand perspectiveThe authors have modified this model in respect to the case analysis (see Fig. 3). As mentioned above, a brand that wants to lend associations to another brand strong must have strong incenti ves that can be either functional or emotional. For car producers, working together with Bosch could gain core competence and expand the value proposition (e. g. Bosch as a technology leader in ESP, ABS and diesel technology). This is according to the theory (Uggla, 2003), which says that collaboration based on functional incentives implies that the one brand contributes with core competence.Bosch would also profit from brand collaboration through shared costs in R&D. Bosch might expand the legitimate territory for their products if the car manufactures allow Bosch to brand their ingredients. Accentuating emotional attributes are also a possibility for Bosch: â€Å"It is our strategy to position Bosch as an innovative, international, modern company† (Stefan Seiberth, Bosch). A car producer might also want to work together with Autoliv based on functional motives because Autoliv has core competency and is a leading manufacturer of car safety equipment (intelligent seat belts, irbags, etc. ). The focus for Autoliv is choosing partners who have a commitment to actively work with the development of safety in cars. As it is the case with Bosch, Autoliv would gain from collaborations by sharing costs for R&D. Emotional incentives are also important for the company and play a certain role in choosing partners for a new project, according to Autoliv. The image of the car manufacturer is important; therefore, the company strives to share development with car manufacturers in the premium segment† (Mats Odman, Autoliv).To summarize, according to the incentive model, both Bosch and Autoliv offer sufficient incentives, both from partner brand as well as from the leader brand perspective. 6. Results: Transferring successful ingredient branding to the car industry The authors have taken into account the findings from the secondary sources of Moon (2002), Aaker (1996), and Keller (2003), all of which present a deeper analysis of ingredient branding strategies, an d have compared these findings with the information from the car suppliers Bosch and Autoliv.We first want to emphasize that successful companies invest in and put the brand first. Moreover, the most effective strategy for a company is to become a brand-driven organization (Kotler/Pfoertsch, 2006). These companies not only differentiate themselves through their technology, but also through their level of service and through all employees working effectively towards the success of the brand, and thus, the company. In addition, ingredient branding is a form of multi-stage branding (Baumgarth, 2001). Therefore, the whole value chain, from (ingredient) producer to the final customer, needs to be considered.In the case of Bosch or Autoliv, the retailer, the producer of the final good, and the final customer need to be connected. This implies that all downstream markets need to be part of the strategy. Hillyer/Tikoo proved that consumers are cognitive misers (Hillyer/Tikoo, 1995). This me ans that consumers simply trust that a well-known manufacturer would not allow itself to collaborate with a low quality supplier. This has been proven with the success of Intel. Customers simply transferred the decision making to the computer manufacturers by trusting that the manufacturers have chosen the right microprocessor supplier, Intel.In terms of transferring these findings to the car industry, Autoliv could step into the shoes of Intel. Autoliv could act as a retrieval cue (Hillyer/Tikoo, 1995) for potential car buyers, where the car buyer trusts the car manufacturer to have picked a trustworthy brand in the area of car safety. Also, for a successful ingredient branding strategy, it is crucial that the right opportunity in time be identified. If we look at the success of Intel, often regarded as one of the most successful ingredient branders, one aspect that is different between Intel and the automotive industry is the timing of the ingredient branding.The computer industry matured during an era when computer sales were strongly on the rise accompanied by a period of increasing sensitivity to the value of branding (Cook, 2003). The car industry is already mature, therefore, the timing is not optimal for an ingredient brand strategy: â€Å"It would be great to replicate [Intel’s success in the automotive industry], but it’s 80 years too late to do it† (Klaus Deller, Bosch Group, in: Cook, 2003). The authors want to stress though, that even the car industry will offer windows of opportunities, especially when supplier come up with decisive inventions and innovations.Another factor to consider is that In contrast to the situation like Intel, where producers were actively looking for co-operations, car manufacturers often want to control their brand image and are currently not actively seeking brand collaboration with supplier. This fact makes the ingredient branding strategy even more complicated to implement. A solution to this woul d be for suppliers like Autoliv and Bosch to adopt a pull strategy by creating consumer demand.The pull principle is also the basic underlying concept that is best suited for ingredient branding, meaning that the ingredient manufacturer directly addresses the final customer (Pfoertsch/Schmid, 2005). Bosch is, through its automotive advertising campaigns in 2006 and 2007, on its way to utilizing such a strategy. Building strong association could even be implemented into the car industry. The OEM’s in the car industry could effectively promote their associations, which in the case of Bosch could be ‘braking safety’ (ABS, ESP), and ‘passenger safety’ (Airbags), in the case of Autoliv.The authors conclude that it is entirely possible for auto suppliers to establish an ingredient branding strategy. Bosch and Autoliv proved to have substantial possibilities for ingredient branding. This conclusion can be drawn through congruence of findings of the empirica l research with theory. It is vital to the success of the strategy, though, that the whole organization not only strives for the same objective, but also consistently delivers the brand promise. Only with this â€Å"quality thinking† in the organization, can an ingredient succeed in the final industrial good.And – not to forget – it is time-consuming to create and establish a brand. Therefore, the overall strategy needs to be a long-term engagement in the marketing and branding investment. 7. Suggestions for future research This paper has examined the question of ingredient branding as a viable strategy for producers of industrial goods. In particular, we tested automotive suppliers Autoliv and Bosch (Norris, 1992; Keller, 2003; Riezebos, 2003). Since the scope of this paper could only cover the basics of this question, it would be interesting to go deeper into other aspects.A question for further research would be to find out how a model of the appropriateness of ingredient branding could be derived. Further research could cover even more industry segments in B2B marketing, thereby giving deeper insights into why certain industries have seen companies with successful ingredient branding, while others have not. Additionally, to discuss questions about an implementation strategy for ingredient branding needs more insight and research, including a possible guideline for companies that have decided to brand its ingredient.Examples from other industries could also be examined since the implementation process is very complex and many aspects need to be considered. Literature Aaker, D. A. , and Joachimsthaler, E. , â€Å"Brand Leadership†, The Fress Press, New York, 2000 Aaker, D. A. , and Keller, K. L. , â€Å"Consumer Evaluations of Brand Extensions†, Journal of Marketing, 54, January 1990, pp. 27-41 Aaker, D. A. , Building Strong Brands, The Free Press, New York, 1996 Baumgarth, C. , Ingredient Branding. Begriff und theoretische Begrundung, in : Esch, F. -R. : Moderne Markenfuhrung, Wiesbaden 2001, p. 17-343 Blackett, T and Boad, B: Co-branding, the Science Of Alliance, Macmillan Business, Interbrand, England, 1999 Blackett, T. , The Nature of Brands, in: Murphy, John, Brand Valuation, Hutchinson Business Books, 1989, pp. 1-11. Cook, B. , Can Bosch spark its OEM brand? , www. brandchannel. com, 2003 Cooke, S. , and Ryan, P. , â€Å"Brand Alliances: From Reputation Endorsement to Collaboration on Core Competencies†, Irish Marketing Review, Vol. 13, 2000, p. 36-41 Hillyer, C. , and Tikoo, S. , â€Å"Effect of Cobranding on Consumer Product Evaluations†, Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 22, 1995 Kapferer, J. -N. Reinventing the Brand, Kogan Page, London, 2001 Kapferer, J. -N. , â€Å"Strategic Brand Management†, Kogan Page, London, 1992 Karolefski, John, â€Å"Intel Outside†, www. brandchannel. com, 2001 Keller, K. L. , â€Å"Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer- Based Brand Equity†, Journal of Marketing, January 1993, pp. 1-29 Keller, K. L. , Strategic Brand Management: building, measuring, and managing brand equity, Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London, 1998 Keller, K. L. , Strategic Brand Management: building, measuring, and managing brand equity, Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London, second edition, 2003 Kotler, P. et al. , Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall Europe, 1996 Kotler, P. , and Pfoertsch, W. , „B2B Brand Managementâ€Å", Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2006 McCarthy, M. S. , and Norris, D. G. , â€Å"Improving Competitive Position Using Branded Ingredients†, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 8, Nr. 4, 1999, pp. 267-285 Moon, Y. , â€Å"Inside Intel Inside†, Harvard Business Review, October 15, 2002 Norris, Donald G. , â€Å"Ingredient Branding: A Strategy Option with Multiple Beneficiaries†, The Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1992 Park, C. W. , Jun, S.Y. , and Shocker, A. D. , â€Å"Composite Brand Alliances: An Investigation of Extension and Feedback Effects†, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 33, 4, 1996, pp. 453-466 Pfoertsch, W. , and Schmid, M. , „B2B-Markenmanagement: Konzepte – Methoden – Fallbeispieleâ€Å", Franz Vahlen, Munich, 2005 Pfoertsch, W. , and Mueller, J. Die Marke in der Marke Bedeutung und Macht des Ingredient Branding, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2006 Riezebos, Rik, â€Å"Brand Management: A Theoretical and Practical Approach†, Pearson Education Limited, 2003 Simonin, B. L. , and Ruth, J. A. â€Å"Is the Company known by the Company it keeps? Assessing the Spillover Effects of Brand Alliances on Consumer Brand Attitudes†, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 35, February 1998, pp. 30-42 Uggla, H. , â€Å"The Brand Association Base: A Model for Strategically Leveraging Partner Brand Equity†, Unpublished Paper, 2003 Uggla, Henrik, †Managing the Bra nd-Association Base†, Akademitryck AB, Edsbruk, 2000 Uggla, H. , †Organisation av varumarken†, Liber Ekonomi, Malmo, 2001 Uggla, H. , †Varumarkesarkitektur – strategi, teori och kritik†, Liber Ekonomi, Malmo. 001 ———————– [1] Waldemar Pfoertsch – Professor of Business Marketing – CEIBS China Europe International Business School Shanghai – Hongfeng Road Shanghai – 201206, China – Tel: +86(21) 28905662 – [email  protected] edu and Professor of International Business – Pforzheim University – Tiefenbronnerstrasse 65 – 75175 Pforzheim, Germany [2] Johannes Rid, National Sales Manager, Pirelli Tyre Nordic AB, Gustavslundsvagen 141, P. O. Box 14147, 16714 Bromma, Stockholm, Sweden,Tel: +46. 8. 6220850, Fax: +46. 8. 7550941, johannes. [email  protected] et [3] Christian Linder – Research Assistant – Pforzheim Business S chool – Pforzheim University – Tiefenbronnerstrasse 65 – 75175 Pforzheim, Germany – Tel: +49 7231 28-6466, christian. [email  protected] de ———————– Bosch: Expand the legitimate territory Emotional incentives Functional incentives Bosch: Expand value proposition, modify brand personality Bosch: Engineering core com Autoliv: Core competence in car petence safety Partner brand perspective Leader brand perspective Bosch: Cost efficiency (R&D), Short cut to awareness and distribution. Autoliv: Cost efficiency (R&D)Institutional Associations Image Transfer Identity Transfer Customers’ image of the brand Leader Brand Associations e. g. Mercedes-Benz: Enduring Passion [pic]*fgyz}†°S? z  Ã‚ ©? iO?  ©i? i~? i? hM8([email  protected]>zhuT;CJOJ[4]QJ[5]^J[6][email  protected]>zhuT;5? 6? CJOJ[7]QJ[8]? ]? ^J[9][email  protected]>zhuT;5? CJ,OJ[10]QJ[11]^J[12]aJ,mHsH#[email  protected]>zhuT ;6? OJ[13]QJ[14]^J[15][email  protected]>zhuT;0J6? OJ[16]QJ[17]U[pic]^J[18][email  protected]>zhuT;5? CJ,OJ[19]QJ[20]^J[21]aJ,[email  protected]>zhuT;CJ OJ[22]QJ[23]? ^J[24]aJ mHsH. [email  protected]>zhuT;5? CJ OJ[25]QJ[26]? Partner Brand Associations Bosch: Innovation, quality Autoliv: Safety Association base fit